Green Computing

Mobile Phones and Applications

Maziar Goudarzi

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Outline

• Significance of mobile phones• Mobile phone internals• Cellular phone infrastructure• Major points of energy consumption • Greener life by mobile phones

History

• Analog Cellular Networks – 0G, 1G– 0G: 1947, ATT

• UHF-VHF Frequencies

– 1G: 1978, AMPS• FDMA

• Digital cellular networks – 2G – 1990, Finland– Europe: GSM– USA: CDMA

Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters

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History (cont’d)

• 2G extensions – 2.5G– 2G + data service– CDMA2000 1x, GPRS, EDGE

• Mobile broadband data – 3G– Demand for data service– Packet switching instead of circuit switching– Various standards, hard to converge– 2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors– 1st pre-commercial: NTT DoCoMo, Japan May 2001– Mobile internet, Dongles

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History (cont’d)

• Higher speed data – 3.5G, 3G+, Turbo 3G– High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)– Down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s

• Native IP networks – 4G– 2009: Bandwidth-intensive applications

• E.g. streaming media• 3G networks would be overwhelmed

– Data optimized technologies– WiMax in US, LTE in Scandinavia

Further reading: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones

Basic Operation of Cell Phones

Half-duplex radio Full-duplex radio

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• Half duplex• Walkie-talkie• CB: Citizen Band Radio • Full duplex

• Cell phones

Basic Operation of Cell Phones

Old Style: Central Radio Tower• One tower per town

• Limited channels (25) available

• Powerful radios needed• Limited number of

simultaneous talkers

• Walkie Talkie: 1 channel• CB: 40 channels

Cellular Networks• Share frequencies across cells• Cell phones: 1664+ channels

Cell Phone Internals

Disassembled Cell Phone Mechanical Parts

http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20080226/148031/

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P905i Main Board

The baseband processing IC is single-packaged into a package-on-package (PoP) with the application processor

W53H Main Board

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920SH Main Board

Cell Phone Components

Main components• Baseband processor• Application processor• Power supply• Keyboard and display

controllers• Camera/GPS/WiFi/etc.• Power supply unit• Various connectors

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/inside-cell-phone.htm

The microprocessor (Ericsson phones use an ASIC version of the Z-80)

An Interesting Project

Cell Phone Implant• 2002: Royal college of Art,

London• Vibration transmitted from

tooth to inner air• Participants confirmed to hear

crystal clear voices through teeth!

• Got people think about implantable phone technology

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone-implant.htm

Smart Phones

What is it?• Between normal phone and

PDA• Install applications• Additional features

– Accelerometer– Proximity sensor– Ambient light sensor

• Software stack– OS (Android, iOS, Windows

Mobile OS)

Google Phone

• Google phone1. The G1, 20082. Nexus One, 2010

• Android OS– 2008– Linux based– Open source– Compare to Apple iOS The HTC G1 is the first

phone to feature the Google Android OS.

The Nexus One is the first phone to be sold by Google directly to consumers.

Further reading: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/google-phone1.htm

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Current State:Touch, Feel, Locate, Hear, See, Connect

Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies

1. WiFi Phones 2: Mobile Augmented Reality

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/emerging-phone-technologies1.htm

Use WiFi to place calls by phone (VoIP)

Add location-based information to your surroundings

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Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies

3: Open Source Cell Phones 4: Mobile Payment

transfer or pay money instantly from any bank account or credit line

phone software which can be used on almost any cell phone

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Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies

5: Tactile Feedback

touch screen which feels and reacts when you type on it

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Environmental Impact

• Energy efficiency• Elimination of toxins• Recyclability• Green Apps• Radiation emissions

– http://www.ewg.org/cellphone-radiation

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Coming Next

• Energy efficiency techniques in mobile phones