Greener, 2nd Generation of Biodiesel Oil (Green Diesel Oil)

Amabilis Jelliarko PalgunadiStd. id: 2007315247

Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, 130-70l Seoul, Republic of Korea

Accelerated consumption of fossil fuels

Energy issues

CO2 reduction (global

warming measures)

Air quality issues

WORLD CURRENT SITUATION

ENERGY ISSUES

Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

• Energy supply is becoming diversified due to structural changes in supply and demand.

• Fossil fuels remain most important in near future (30-50 yrs).• New energy sources not expected on global scale to provide major

contributions in a 30 y perspective.

CO2 REDUCTION

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/

Burning fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum is the leading cause of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere greenhouse effect (because it absorbs and emits infrared radiation thereby playing a role in the greenhouse effect) .

AIR QUALITY ISSUES

Developed country try to decreased the NOx concentration below 1 kilo ton.

Source: http://www.utoronto.ca/imap/collections/air_quality/global_na_emissions.htm

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE

Renewable Energy Sources

Sun Wind Hydro Biofuel Hydrogen

BIOFUEL

Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living biological material and is different from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material. Also, various plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacturing.

Source: Hydrocarbon Engineering, June 2007

BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL

• Diesel vehicle are naturally 20-40 % more energy efficient than gasoline vehicles resulting in a 10-20 % reduction in greenhouse gas emission.

• Biodiesel and renewable diesel (green diesel) can reduce emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.

BIODIESEL PROCESSING ROUTES

Raw Materials Processing Product

OilsSoyRapeseedSunflowerPalm OilJatrophaWaste Oilsetc

Transesterification

HydrotreatingHydrotreated Biodiesel

(Green Diesel)

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)

Methanol

Hydrogen

Glycerol

H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, etc

TRANSESTERIFICATION(1ST GENERATION OF BIODIESEL)

FAME

ISSUES OF FAME

CharacteristicsOxidation stability

High Solvency (solubility of water)

Oxygenate characteristics

High viscosity

ConcernsGum formation

(stick/burnt at injection system)

Corrosion of metal parts

Effect on Emissions (NOx/SOx/etc)

Cold stability

EXAMPLES OF MARKET EXPERIENCE(FROM TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION)

Biodiesel produce adhesive deposit because of low oxidation stability

HYDROTREATING PROCESS(2ND GENERATION OF BIODIESEL)

Source: Huber et al., App. Cat. A 329 (2007) 120-129

Green diesel

BENEFITS OF HYDROTREATING PROCESS

• High quality of diesel fuel is obtained (high-cetane, low gravity, low aromatics and sulfur-free diesel fuel).

• It is possible to implement this technology in the existing refinery infrastructure and fuels distribution system lower implementation cost.

Schematic representation of oil refinery Simplified process flow diagram of hydrotreating process

COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES

Parameters Petroleum Ultra-low sulfur diesel

Biodiesel(FAME)

Green diesel(Hydrotreated biodiesel)

Oxygen content (%) 0 11 0

Specific gravity 0.84 0.88 0.78

Sulfur content, ppm <10 <1 <1

Heating value, MJ/kg

43 38 44

Cloud point, oC -5 -5 to +15 -10 to +20

Distillation, oC 200 to 350 340 to 355 265 to 320

Cetane number 40 50 to 65 70 to 90

Stability Good Marginal Good

Source: Alternative Fuels Comparison Chart, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of EnergyWebsite: http://www.eere.energy.gov

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

Both the FAME and green diesel products have significantly lower production of climate-active CO2. However, green diesel has lower climate active CO2 production than FAME.

Source: Hydrocarbonprocessing, September 2007

COMMERCIAL UNIT PLAN

Country Licencer Plan Location Raw Material ProductionCapacity

(kton/year)

USA

UOP (A Honeywell Company)

Livorno, Italy Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2010)

Galp Energia, Portugal Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2010)

ConocoPhillipsCork, Ireland Vegetable oil 58 (@ 2008)

Borger, Texas Animal fat 700 (@ 2009)

Syntroleum Louisiana Animal fat 300 (@ 2010)

Europe Neste Oil Porvoo, Finland Vegetable oil 340 (@ 2008)

Brazil Petrobas Brazil Vegetable oil 400 (@ 2008)

By 2012, the total production capacity in overseas : 2600 kton/yearSo far there is no information about commercial unit for hydrotreating process in Korea

HYDROTREATING/HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS

Source: D.C. Elliott, Energy & Fuels 21 (2007) 1792-1815