GROUP DYNAMICS

WHAT IS A GROUP

A collection of two or more interacting individuals with a stable pattern of interaction between them who share common goals and who perceive themselves to be a group.

Hence it is an outcome of :- Mutual interaction Regular face to face interaction Sustained period of time Shared interest Mutual awareness and collective identity

THE NATURE OF GROUPS

1. TWO OR MORE PERSONS

Atleast two members are required for the existence of a group

Dependency on each other

Awareness that the job success cannot be achieved without each others success

2. INTERACTION Each member must

interact with one more member on a regular basis.

Communication is necessitated- face to face, telephonic, computer, etc

3. REASONABLE SIZE

Tendency to grow upto any size

Groups of reasonable size are ideal for an organization

Large groups hinders the flow of communication

4. SHARED GOAL INTEREST

The efforts of every member should be purported for realization of common goal

Each member needs to share common interest

5. STABILITY

Groups must have stable structure

Groups tend to change, but there must be consistency in there relationship.

Group stability enables the members to be together and keep functioning as a unit.

6. COLLECTIVE IDENTITIY Each member

believes that he is a member of or is a participant in some specific group

Hence the awareness of each other clearly differentiates a group from a mere collection of persons

REASONS FOR

GROUP FORMATIO

N

WARMTH & SUPPORT

GOAL ACCOMPLIS

HMENT

POWER

AFFILIATIONS

SECURITY

RECOGNITION

PROXIMITY

1.Warmth & Support -Groups provide love, warmth & support - Sense of being loved and belongingness

motivates employees to perform better -While, the solitary & the feeling of

confinement brings dissatisfaction among the employees

2. POWER -Unity has a considerable strength -What cannot be achieved individually can

be realised through joint coordinated efforts

3. AFFILIATIONS A regular, healthy interaction among members

has a soothing effect on psychology Exchanging smiles, chatting, group

participation leads to a sense of togetherness Some members have a genuine appetite for

such lively social interactions

4. RECOGNITION Work group is a primary source of recognition,

esteem & status for many individuals Membership in a high status group can help an

individual acquire esteem and praise in the eyes of people outside the group.

5. PROXIMITY - People tend to form groups with people who

live or work together in close surroundings -Proximity makes it possible to learn about

each others characteristics, exchange ideas & attitudes regarding on & off the job activities

6. GOAL ACCOMPLISHMENT - The pool of acumen, specialization,

experience enables to resolve complex organisational problems

-The collective & coordinated efforts of members provide a synergetic effect in accomplishing the goals

TYPES OF GROUPS

1.Formal Groups2.Informal Groups

MODELS OF GROUP BEHAVIOUR

1. Moreno’s Sociometric Analysis

2. Homans Model

SOCIOGRAM REPRESENTATIONS

LikeDislike

AB

C

D

E

Can you identify?

1.The Isolate2.The Leader3.Any

Alliances

SOCIOGRAM REPRESENTATIONS

LikeDislike

AB

C

D

E

1.Isolate = D2.Leader = A3.Alliances = A

& B, C & E

HOMANS MODEL

• Activity

• Interaction

• Sentiments

GROUP COHESION

• The concept of cohesion has been an important factor in the study of group behavior and its significance is often a source of motivation for group leaders.

• Cliches such as "Together We Stand,

Divided We Fall", "There is No I in Team", or "Players Play, Teams Win" are often used to show individuals the importance of team cohesion.

Cohesion = Attraction, Liking

Attractionbetweenmembers

Attractionto the

group-as-a-whole

Attraction Cohesion

Cohesion = Unity

Cohesive groups stick together as members “cohere” to one another &the group

The group is unified; solidarity is high in the group.

Members report feeling a sense of belonging to the group

Cohesion = Unity

Group Unity

Belonging (part of the group)

Unity Cohesion

DETERMINANTS OF GROUP COHESIVENESS

Location

Status

GROUP DECISION MAKING

Group Decision Making is an activity based on the adage that “two heads are better than one”. It permits the coming together of people with heterogeneous characteristics who can understand the problem in a better way and hence, develop creative alternatives leading to effective group performance.

Most decision in organization are made in a group context only.

Group Vs. The Individual.

The Decision-Making Process

Define the Problem

Evaluate Alternatives

Implement the chosen Alternative

Gather facts and develop

alternatives.

Select the best alternative.

Follow up and evaluate the chosen

alternative.

STRENGTH OF GROUP DECISION MAKING

Greater knowledge & information.

More approaches to a problem.

Increased acceptance.

Better comprehension of the decision.

WEAKNESSES OF GROUP DECISION MAKING.

Time consuming.

Pressures to conform.

Individual domination.

Conflicting alternative solutions.

The problem of responsibility.

GROUP DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES.

ORDINARY GROUP INTERACTIONMembers meet face to face.Rely on verbal and non verbal interaction to communicate

each other.Interacting groups often censor themselves and pressure

individual members toward conformity of opinion.

BRAINSTORMINGProcess for generating ideas.Members express themselves freely, means as many

alternatives as they can give.No criticism is allowed.

NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE

Restrict verbal interaction between members.

A nominal group is simply a paper group.

The essential idea is to restrict interpersonal communication and increase the deliberation and contribution of individual members.

It is superior to real groups in terms of number of ideas, uniqueness of ideas and quality of ideas.

DELPHI TECHNIQUE

Members in Delphi technique are physically dispersed and do not meet face to face.

The key to Delphi process is the anonymous input.

The anonymous tends to eliminate the counter productive effects that status, intimidation, emotion, face saving and argumentation can have in traditional interacting group decision making procedures.

This technique is used for long range forecasting.

THANK YOU!Any Questions?