Growth of Monarch and Holy Roman

Empire vs. Church

Chapter 9.1-2

Who shall lead?

Feudal Monarchs• Head of society• Limited power• Wanted greater control

Nobles and the Church• Levied taxes• Maintained own armies• Maintained own court

system

Centralized Power

• Monarch set up – Bureaucracy– Court– Standing Army– Tax System

• Ties to middle class– Supported rulers for peace and unity they provided

English Monarch

• Invasion by Angles, Saxons, Vikings• 1066: Anglo-Saxon king Edward died with no

heir– Council chose brother-in-law Harold– Duke William of Normandy also claimed throne• Raised army, won backing of pope• Battle of Hastings: Normans defeated Harold• William the Conqueror took the throne• Blend of Norman French and Anglo-Saxons

Royal Power

• Firm control• Granted fiefs to Church, Norman lords (barons)• Monitored building of castles• First allegiance to him• Census in 1086• Domesday Book– Listed every property in England (both large and small)– No one could escape– Aided in tax collecting

• Royal exchequer– Treasury– Collected taxes, fines, fees

Legal System

• Henry II: 1154• Expanded existing customs into law• Foundation of English common law– Legal system based on custom and court rulings– Applied to all of England– Court charged a fee– Preferred royal court over Church’s court

• Jury– Group of men sworn to speak the truth– Determined if cases would be brought to trial– 12 neighbors of an accused

Conflict with Church

• Henry vs. Church• Right to try clergy in royal courts• Archbishop of Canterbury opposed king– 4 knights murdered him– Henry denied any part– Eased attempts to regulate clergy– Archbishop declared a saint

Traditions of Government

Magna Carta

• John angered nobles with taxes and abuse of power

• 1215: forced him to sign Magna Carta– Great Charter– Affirmed feudal rights– Protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment– “due process”– No new taxes– “no taxation without representation”– 2 things

• Nobles had certain rights• Monarch must obey law

Parliament

• Great Council• Evolved into Parliament• Unified England• Framework for English legislature• 2-house body• House of Lords: nobles, high clergy• House of Commons: knights and middle class

citizens• “power of the purse”• Checked or limited power of monarch

French Monarchs• Patchwork territories• Capetians

– Feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet– Increased royal power– Made throne hereditary– 300 year succession– Built bureaucracy

• Tax and law

• Philip Augustus– Phillip II– Paid middle-class workers to fill

govt positions instead of nobles• Loyalty to king

– New towns, standing army– Won war with John of England,

took back English-ruled lands– Most powerful ruler in Europe

• Louis IX– 1226– Generous, noble, devoted to

justice and chivalry– Declared a saint– Religious– Persecuted heretics and Jews– Led French in 2 wars against

Muslims– Improved royal govt– Ended serfdom– Centralized monarch in France

Philip IV vs. Pope

• Louis’s grandson• Extended royal power• Collected new taxes from clergy• Clash with Pope Boniface VIII• Pope forbade Philip to tax clergy• Philip threatened to arrest any clergy that

didn’t pay up• Philip sent troops to seize Pope• Pope escaped badly beaten, died later

Estates General

• Body of representatives– Clergy– Nobles– Townspeople

• Didn’t develop like English Parliament

Holy Roman Empire

• Duke Otto I• King of Germany• Took title “Holy Roman Emperor”• Saw themselves heirs to emperors of Ancient

Rome• Worked to control vassals• Emperors conflicted with Popes

Popes vs. Emperors• Pope Gregory VII

– Wanted Church independent of secular rulers

– Banned lay investiture• Emperor presented bishops

with ring and staff that symbolized their office

• Only pope had right to install bishops

• Emperor Henry IV– Argued that bishops held lands

as royal fiefs– Felt entitled to give symbol of

office– Exchanged insulting notes with

pope– Gregory excommunicated him– Forced to make peace– Presented himself as a repentant

sinner– Gregory knew he was just trying

to save throne, but forgave him– Returned later for revenge, led

army to Rome, and forced pope into exile

Concordat of Worms

• Struggle for 50 years• 1122: both sides accepted treaty• Agreed that Church had sole power to elect

and invest bishops• Emperors had right to invest them with fiefs

Frederick Barbarossa

• Emperor Frederick I• “Red Beard”• Fought to bring N. Italy under his control– Italians joined forces with pope, defeated Red

Beard

• Arranged marriage between son Henry and Constance- heiress to Sicily and S. Italy

Frederick II

• Son of Henry and Constance• Raised in Italy• Able and arrogant• Spent little time in Germany• Clashed with popes in Italy• Failed to gain cities in N. Italy

Effects

• German nobles more independent• Germany fragmented into many feudal states• Would not achieve unity for 600 years• Italy also faced upheaval• 200 years of chaos• Thriving cultural center left in ruins

Church Power

• Pope Innocent III• 1198• Triumph of Church• Supremacy over all other rulers• Pope clashed with rulers and often won• Innocent ordered interdict on France when Phillip II

tried to annul his marriage• 1209: Innocent launched crusade (holy war) against

Albigensians in S. France– Albigensians wanted to purify Church– 10,000+ slaughtered

• Papacy entered period of decline