Post on 16-Dec-2015
transcript
Land Based PowerLand Based Power
Europe’s empires built on sea powerEurope’s empires built on sea power Asian empires land-based power around might Asian empires land-based power around might
of gunpowderof gunpowder Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing, Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing,
and Russiaand Russia Finally able to conquer nomad groupsFinally able to conquer nomad groups
Muslim EmpiresMuslim Empires
Ottoman, Safavid, MughalOttoman, Safavid, Mughal Emerged from central steppe nomadsEmerged from central steppe nomads All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts
after early Islamic empiresafter early Islamic empires
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire Modern day TurkeyModern day Turkey 11stst people to use cannons offensively people to use cannons offensively Large army of mounted and foot soldiers, Large army of mounted and foot soldiers,
Powerful navyPowerful navy Sultan with large bureaucracy, top official Sultan with large bureaucracy, top official
was “grand vizier”was “grand vizier” Suleiman the Magnificent most famous Suleiman the Magnificent most famous
rulerruler Much trade, due to locationMuch trade, due to location Mostly Sunni, but diversity of people and Mostly Sunni, but diversity of people and
religionsreligions More equality for womenMore equality for women Constantinople, highly sophisticated Constantinople, highly sophisticated
capitalcapital
Suleiman
Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire
East of Ottoman, modern IranEast of Ottoman, modern Iran Belief that “Hidden Imam” descendant of Ali would Belief that “Hidden Imam” descendant of Ali would
return to rulereturn to rule Ruler “stand-in” until thenRuler “stand-in” until then Strong army with firearmsStrong army with firearms Little tradeLittle trade PatriarchalPatriarchal Mostly Shi’ite, forced conversion in 16Mostly Shi’ite, forced conversion in 16 thth Century by Century by
IsmailIsmail
Mughal EmpireMughal Empire
Modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and N. IndiaModern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and N. India Strong militaryStrong military Muslim rulers with centralized powerMuslim rulers with centralized power Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu Pop.Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu Pop. Akbar most famous ruler, tried to reconcile faithsAkbar most famous ruler, tried to reconcile faiths Limited tradeLimited trade Land grant system based on military serviceLand grant system based on military service New faith: Sikhism; blend of Islam and HinduismNew faith: Sikhism; blend of Islam and Hinduism
Decline of Muslim EmpiresDecline of Muslim Empires
Inadequate transportation and communication: larger Inadequate transportation and communication: larger empires grew, harder they were to controlempires grew, harder they were to control
Unruly warrior elites, inadequate bureaucracies: Unruly warrior elites, inadequate bureaucracies: Military knew they were important, so often acted Military knew they were important, so often acted apart from the gov’tapart from the gov’t
Rise of European rivals: European countries smaller Rise of European rivals: European countries smaller so mobilization of human and natural resources so mobilization of human and natural resources easier, also closeness led to more competition so they easier, also closeness led to more competition so they were spurred to new technologies and reformswere spurred to new technologies and reforms
RussiaRussia Little contact with rest of EuropeLittle contact with rest of Europe Greek OrthodoxGreek Orthodox 1480 Ivan III (the Great) ousted the last of the 1480 Ivan III (the Great) ousted the last of the
MongolsMongols Russia was left weak, but expanded under Ivan Russia was left weak, but expanded under Ivan
III and Ivan IV (the terrible)III and Ivan IV (the terrible) Expanded to Poland and across SiberiaExpanded to Poland and across Siberia Pioneers called Pioneers called Cossacks Cossacks sent to new territories, sent to new territories,
taking landtaking land Ivan IV died with no heir, so Romanovs took Ivan IV died with no heir, so Romanovs took
over in 1613 (until 1917)over in 1613 (until 1917) Russian nobles, Russian nobles, Boyars, Boyars, selected the new Tsar, selected the new Tsar,
MikhailMikhail
Peter the GreatPeter the Greatr.r. 1682-17251682-1725
Went to western Europe to gain aid Went to western Europe to gain aid against Turks, became fascinated with against Turks, became fascinated with Western European technology & scienceWestern European technology & science
Fought with Sweden for a port on the Fought with Sweden for a port on the BalticBaltic
Rebuilt his capital at St. PetersburgRebuilt his capital at St. Petersburg Boyars had to shave and adopt Western Boyars had to shave and adopt Western
dressdress Brought French ballet to Russia and Brought French ballet to Russia and
allowed elite women to public eventsallowed elite women to public events Stayed Absolute Monarch (did not adopt Stayed Absolute Monarch (did not adopt
Enlightenment ideas)Enlightenment ideas) Continued serfdom (virtual slavery) and Continued serfdom (virtual slavery) and
controlled subjects through a secret controlled subjects through a secret policepolice
Peter’s Palace in MoscowPeter’s Palace in Moscow
Ming and Qing ChinaMing and Qing China Ming 1368-1644, replaced Yuan, Ming 1368-1644, replaced Yuan,
brought peace and stabilitybrought peace and stability China mostly closed to foreignersChina mostly closed to foreigners Scholar-gentry and civil-service Scholar-gentry and civil-service
exams returned exams returned Junks – Zheng He, to show off wealth Junks – Zheng He, to show off wealth
and power of Middle Kingdomand power of Middle Kingdom Pirates kept them out of the oceanPirates kept them out of the ocean Repaired Great Wall and CanalsRepaired Great Wall and Canals Jesuits sent to Convert, allowed to Jesuits sent to Convert, allowed to
remain because they knew science remain because they knew science and technologyand technology
Europeans restricted to coastEuropeans restricted to coast Emperor lived in Forbidden City, Emperor lived in Forbidden City,
eventually became too involved in eventually became too involved in pleasure, overthrownpleasure, overthrown
Qing DynastyQing Dynasty1644 - 19111644 - 1911
Known as Manchus, conquered Known as Manchus, conquered from the Northfrom the North
Doubled the size of ChinaDoubled the size of China Traded with RussiaTraded with Russia Population began to grow due Population began to grow due
to new crops: Sweet and white to new crops: Sweet and white potatoes, Maize, peanutspotatoes, Maize, peanuts
Last Dynasty (yay! You know Last Dynasty (yay! You know them all!!)them all!!)
“Grrr.”
Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate Jesuits converted over 300,000, Jesuits converted over 300,000,
Japan felt must consolidate under a Japan felt must consolidate under a powerful shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasupowerful shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu
1606 Christianity outlawed, 1606 Christianity outlawed, executedexecuted
Japanese forbidden to travel Japanese forbidden to travel overseasoverseas
Europeans not allowed in (except Europeans not allowed in (except Dutch)Dutch)
Guns virtually bannedGuns virtually banned Agriculture flourishedAgriculture flourished Power in hands of Samurai classPower in hands of Samurai class Capital at Edo, now TokyoCapital at Edo, now Tokyo
Under TokugawaUnder Tokugawa To maintain control, To maintain control,
Daimyos had to go to Edo Daimyos had to go to Edo every other year (this meant every other year (this meant the Tokugawa had direct the Tokugawa had direct control over 50% always)control over 50% always)
Needed permission to marry Needed permission to marry or buildor build
Class structure (4 classes)Class structure (4 classes) Samurai (with Daimyo) – Samurai (with Daimyo) –
sword and topknotsword and topknot Farmers – made foodFarmers – made food Artisans – made stuffArtisans – made stuff Merchants – lowest, made Merchants – lowest, made
nothingnothing
ReconquistaReconquista
Mid 15Mid 15thth Century Spain united with Marriage Century Spain united with Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castileof Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
This led to three important things:This led to three important things: Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Muslim Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Muslim
territoryterritory Expulsion of Jews, led to severe economic Expulsion of Jews, led to severe economic
problems because they were educated and skilledproblems because they were educated and skilled Voyage of ColumbusVoyage of Columbus