HEART & BLOOD HEART & BLOOD VESSELS VESSELS

((AngiologAngiologyy))

byby: :

Gracia Angelina Hendarti, MSi, Gracia Angelina Hendarti, MSi, Drh Drh

HEART & BLOOD HEART & BLOOD VESSELSVESSELS (Angiolog(Angiologyy))

Is the description of the organs of circulation of the blood & lymph, the heart and vessels, including the spleen and thymus.

cardiovasculer system: heart ( latin :COR) blood vessels: arteries & capillaries, veins

Lymphatic system : lymphatic organ lymph nodes lymph vessels

Is the fibroserous sac which encloses the heart, in part, great vessels connected with it.

fibrous layer (pericardium fibrosum): relative thin, but strong and inelastic.

pericardium serosum : is a closed sac, surrounded by the fibrous pericardium and invaginated by the heart. It is smooth and glistening and contain a small amount of clear serous fluid : liqour pericardii. Pericardium visceralis/lamina visceralis/epicardium Pericardium parietalis/lamina parietalis

Pericardium visceralis : covers the heart and parts of the great vessels.

Pericardium parietalis : lines the fibrous layer, to which it is closely attached.

PericardiumPericardium

PericardiumPericardium

Pericardium Visceralis (epicardium)

blood vessel

heartCavum

pericardium

Pericardium Parietalis

Pericardium Fibrousa

Sternopericardiaca ligament

PERICARDIUM

• It is attached dorsally to the large vessels at the base of the heart and is continued in part up to the longus colli muscle.

• Ligamentum sternopericardiaca : it is a strong ligament attached the pericardium ventrally to the middle of the caudal half of the thoracic surface of the sternum. ( in cattle, horse and swine) and in carnivore by a phrenopericardiac ligament to the diaphragm.

• Wall / cardiac muscles :– Epicardium – Myocardium– endocardium

heartheart

HEART SPACE

venosal part (CO2) arterial part (O2)

Atrium dexter + auricula dexter

Atrium sinister + auricula sinister

Ventrikel dexter Ventrikel sinister

Heart = corHeart = cor

Ventrikel sinister

Ventrikel dexter

Auricula sinister

Atrium dexter

Heart = corHeart = cor

ventricleleft ventricle

blood vessel

atrium

atrium

Septum interventricularis

vessel

valve mitralisvalve tricuspidalis

LR

auricula

Valvula of the Valvula of the Heart Heart

Right atrioventricular valve (valvula tricuspidalis)

left atrioventriculularis valve (valvula

bicuspidalis/mitralis)

BLOOD VESSELSBLOOD VESSELS• Arteri :

– Leave he heart,– recieve & sent the blood from the heart to the tissue– contain of O2 except in the arteria Pulmonalis– position : usually more deeper than vena (profunda)– Structure : more elastic than vena– the pressure more stronger than venae

• Vena : – the blood go to he heart.– Receive blood from the tissue and send to the heart– contain metabolism product (especially CO2) except

v.pulmonalis– location : more superficial – have valve– Structure : the wall is thinner and not elastic – the pressure is weaker

• The wall of the blood vessel compose of : – First layer : tunica interna/intima :

• Endothel

• Membrane elastica interna (subendothel)

– Second layer : tunica media : • thicker part, contain elastic tissue and smooth muscle

– Third layer: tunica adventitia : • Compose of fibrous and fibroareolar tissue

StruStruccturturee of the blood of the blood vesselsvessels

BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD VESSELS STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

endothel

Membrane elastica interna

Tunica interna

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

VeinVein

valve

Most veins are also distinguish by the presence of valves, which are repeated at intervalalong their length; the valves ensure a unidirectional flow and prevent reflux of blood when the circulation stagnates.Each valve consists of two or three semilunar cusps facing each other

arrow indicates the direction of blood flow.

BLOOD VESSEL COMPOSITIONBLOOD VESSEL COMPOSITION

Artery : Aorta Artery Arteriol capiler Sinusoid

Vein : vein Venule

according to the thickness of the tunica media ( elastic tissue) : the smaller the diameter of the blood vessel, tunica media become thinner and thinner

Artery : – Aorta : the biggest diameter , leave the cor,

accept the sistolic output from ventricle – Artery : branch of the aorta

– Arteriol : smaller diameter, a litter bigger than capiler, function to adjust blood stream and to pump the perifer blood.

– Capiler : Endothel is thin Supporting tissue is thinner too, Place for the blood enter to the interstitial tissue Parts of the liquid which contain metabolic waste is

absorbed by venule.

On special organ, endothelial capiler which enter to the organ have pore. Ex : on the intestine villi and glomerulus

ARTERIES

the arteries may be distinguished from other vessels by their white, thick, and relatively rigid walls and their empty lumen (unless filled with an injection mass for the convenience of the dissector).

Sinusoid : parts of the capiler which can be find in special organs. Ex: lever, spleen and medulla spinalis.

specificity: usually inside the organs Vein :

Vein : thinner wall, their frequently collapsed appearance, and their capacity, which is invariably greater than that of the associated arteries. in the large diameter of the vena the anatomic structure almost the same as the arteri.

Very largest arteries and veins run separately, but most veins of medium and lesser size accompany the corresponding arteries to which they are said to be satellite

Venule : vena ending, smallest vena, tunica interna always thin and do not have membrane elastic interna

CAPILERCAPILER

Arteriol venule

open capiler

spinchter

closed capiler

• Anastomose : direct connection between arteri and vein without passing the capiler in order to shorten the connection between arteri and vein,

• Fx : – Passing the blood stream from the arteri in order do

not go in to the tissue, when the tissue is rest. • ex : mucosa of the gaster

– Thermo regulator • ex: ears, nose and digits (fingers or toes)

• Collateral circulation : direct connection between artery and artery

• Fx :– efisiency, the blood can reach target organ on time

in order to avoid ischemia necrotic

AnastomosisAnastomosis

Vein

artery

anastomosis

Plexus artery

Blood vessel nutrition

• Blood vessel wall need a nutrition :– In small blood vessel : nutrition is enough

from the difusion inside the blood vessel lumen.

– In the larger blood vessel : nutrition is helped by the blood vessel which surrounding by the target blood vessel: Vasa vasorum

Blood vessels Blood vessels vvasasccularisaularisattiionon

Vasa vasorum

Heart Heart vvasasccularisaularisattiionon

• The heart get nutrition from the blood vessel on the cor.• Left ventrikel , blood go to the aorta. In the dorsal part

aorta give a branch term: a. coronaria• Heart receive ±15% blood supply from the a. coronaria• A. coronaria divide into 2 :

– (i) a. coronaria sinistra also term as ramus interventrikularis paraconal

– (ii) a. coronaria dekstra also term as ramus interventrikularis subsinuosal

Arteri CoronarArteri Coronaryy

bovine

LR

paraconalsubsinuosal

• Arteri and vena are innervated by motoric and sensoric nerves

• nerve motoric useful for control enlarger and narrower blood vessel lumen

• Sensoric nerve, nerve endings for the response of the pressure change in O2-CO2 and the consentration of Hidrogen ion (H+) in the blood stream.

Blood vessels Blood vessels IInnervannervattiionon

Blood vessels Blood vessels iinnervasinnervasionon

blood vessel

nerve

Sistematic circulation

• Circulation :

• 1. pulmoner circulation;– right atrium right ventrikel a. Pulmonalis

lungs v. Pulmonalis heart

• 2. general / sistemic circulation;– Left atrium left ventricle aorta

ascenden / descendens aorta tissue v. cava cranial or v. cava caudal.

Pulmonary circulation right atrium right ventricle a. Pulmonalis

pulmo/lungs v. pulmonalis

SistemiSistemic cc cirircculaulattiion :on : left atrium left

ventricle, aorta ascenden/ aorta descendens tissue v. cava cranial, v. cava caudal.

Left ventricle

Truncus pulmonalis

capiler

Aorta abdominalisv. hepatica

v. porta

v. renalis

v. cava caudalis

Atrium kanan

v. cava cranialis

right ventricle

v. pulmonalis

a. pulmonalisa. pulmonalis

v. pulmonalis

foetalfoetal ccirircculaulattiionon

• Foetus receive blood which contain oksigen, nutrition and expel metabolism product through : placenta

• Foetus stage, pulmonary circulation is undeveloped• Blood stream which enter to the trunchus

pulmonalis mostly through ductus arteriosus, and go to the aorta, only a small part go in the lung through a. pulmonalis

• Directly after the birth ductus arteriosus is rudimenter and chance become : ligamentum arteriosum, consequently the lungs receive all of the blood from a. pulmonalis, and the lung function is became perfectly.

• There is a hole in the septum atrium between right and left atrium, term : foramen ovale

• After birth, foramen ovale is closed. In this foramen ovale there is a mark : Fossa ovalis

• V. umbilicalis : receive blood which contain oksigen from the placenta . There is no valve.

• A. umbilicalis receive blood which contain metabolism waste product especially CO2 from the whole body and delivery back to the mother placenta.

foetal foetal ccirircculaulattiionon

Ductus arteriosus

v. umbilicalis

Ductus venosus

Foramen ovale

a. umbilicalis

PLACENTA

post natal post natal ccirircculaulattiionon

Lig. arteriosum

sinusoid

Fossa ovalis

Ligamentum arteriosum

Ligamentum arteriosum

Foramen ovaleForamen ovale

Foramen ovale

Several important blood Several important blood vesselsvessels should be knowshould be know

• Truncus brachiocephalicus (for head, neck-cranial leg):– A. carotis communis : supply to the head and neck– A. axillaris : supply to the cranial leg

• Aorta thoracalis: thorax region until diaphragm• Aorta abdominalis : abdominal part until tail• A. iliaca eksterna : supply caudal leg• A. iliaca interna : supply to the urogenital

Artery

• V. Jugularis• V. cava caudalis

Vein :

Trunchus brachiocephalicus

A. carotis communis

A. axillaris

a. axillaris

a. Iliaca eksterna

a. Iliaca interna

v. jugularis

v. Cava caudalis

ANGIOLOGIANGIOLOGI

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Organ lymphatic

• lymphonodus

• lymphatic vessels

I. I. llyymmphphatiatic c OrganOrgan

• function :– Organ limfoid primer (center) :

• place for mature, differensiation, proliferation, limphocyt without forces by Antigen

• Ex : medulla spin, thymus and bursa fabrisius

– Organ limfoid sekunder (perifer) : • the limphocyt is become activated by Ag, and

capable to catch Ag effectively• Ex : spleen and tonsil

Organ limfoid primerOrgan limfoid primer

• 1. Thymus : • Is on the long way of the neck.• In the sexual mature the size is reduced and

extict (involusi = rudimenter)• Produce limfosit T

• 2. Bursa of Fabrisius :• only present in the avian• form : sac like• position : attached on the dorsal cloaca : bursa

cloaca• after sexual maturity became involutio• produce limphocyt B

A. carotis

A. subclaviaA. axillarisA. subclaviaA. axillaris

A. carotis

Thymus

Tyroid

Gumboro (Infecius bursal diseases)

• Causative :virus Birnaviridae– edema at the bursa with cheese mass inside– petechia on the pectoral legs muscles

Organ Organ limlimphphoid oid sekunder sekunder

• 1. Tonsil :• More often term as mucosal immun system (Mucosal Lymphoid

Tissue/MALT)• Are aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the mouth ( root of the

tongue, soft palate and pharyngeal regions).• Location subepithelial in the submucosa & are surrounded by a

connective tissue capsule.• Have only efferent (no afferent) lymph vessels

• 2. spleen :• The biggest limphoid organ • Contain blood and not the limph liquid• Fx :

– produces limphocytes and antibodies, and storage and releases blood with a high concentration of corpuscles.

– Filters blood, the destruction of worn-out erythrocytes, removed iron from hemoglobin.

II. LimII. Limphphatiatic c vesselsvessels

• Lymphonodus/nodus lymphaticus

• limph vessels

LymphLymph nodnodeess

• form: variation, round, oval, ellips• color : green yellowish until red brownish• Inside have limphocyt.• several (mass) Ln in specific region call

lymphocenter• Fx : regulate the lymphe liquid• lymphe liquid go in the Ln through the lymphe

duct vasa afferent and out by vasa efferent

StruStruccturturee lymph lymph nodnodeess

afferent duct

efferent duct

Afferent duct : the direction of lymph fluid flow enter to the lymph centerEfferent duct : the direction of lymph fluid flow leave the lymph center

lymph vessels• Fx : the content of large trunks and ducts (lymph)

empties into the cranial vena cava at thoracic inlet.• The tip of the blind capiler and their wall is easy

exceeded by a substance which come from inside and outside the tissue

• Permeability more bigger than blood vessels (cause membran basalis is not completed develop)

• In the larger lymphe duct has a valve: lymphangions • lymphe liquid stream from the tissue go to the vein

because of the pressure outside the vessels. Ex : peristaltic intestine, movement of the extremity or

tension skin and movement of lymphe valve

lymph lymph

• Collecting the liquid from the tissue as metabolit product in cells and tissue

• lymph is a clear colorless fluid except in the intestine vessels in which, after digestion, it is milky in color and term : chyle

• In general, the composition of lymph fluid almost the same as blood plasma.

• lymphe liquid from liver has protein content most higher.

• Lymphe liquid from the skin has the lowest protein content.

PProduction ofroduction of lymphe lymphe liquidliquid : :

• Cells activity produce metabolit2 → • cause hiperemia, permeability increase,

capiler pressure increase → • Liquid from the blood vessels go outside →

enter the tissue → • tissue edema →force endothel cells → • capiler lymphe vessels open →• lymphe liquid in the capiler drain to the next

vessels.

lymphlymph vessels d vessels distribuistributete 1. Movement organs :• bones :

– In the periosteum and endosteum of the bones and follow Haversian canals.

– No in the cartilage and medulla spinalis

• muscles:– In the perimysium external and under the fascia– In the endomysium muscles, capiler lymph spread

between muscle fibers– In the synovialis bursae

2. alimentary organ :– In the subserous and submucuos layers

diagram diagram ofof lymph lymph tree tree

v. Jugularis Ln from head region

Ln. from extremity cranial

Ln. chest region organ

thoracicus duct

Cisterna chyli Ln. from abdomen organ

Ln. lumbal-kidney region

Ln pelvic region

Ln extremity caudal

TRUNCHUS AND THE TRUNCHUS AND THE BIGGEST LYMPHATIC BIGGEST LYMPHATIC

DUCT DUCT

• TRUNCHUS TRACHEALIS• TRUNCHUS LUMBALIS• TRUNCHUS INTESTINALIS• CISTERNA CHYLI • THORACIC DUCT

Cisterna chyli

• Is located as an elongated, irregular, sac-like dilatation of a large lymph trunk between the right side of the aorta and the right crus of the diaphragm, extending from the second or third lumbal vertebrae to the last thoracic vert.

• Receive the lumbar and intestinal trunks at its caudal portion while the celiac trunk terminates in its cranial half

Ductus thoracicus

• Is the extension of the cisterna chyli into the thoracic cavity through aortic hiatus and run craniad on the right side of the median plane between the right vena azygos and aorta, covered by pleura.

• Its opens into the dorsal part of the origin of the cranial vena cava

lymphlymph stream stream in the head in the head and neck region and neck region anandd

mammamammary glandry gland

Ln. inguinalis superficialis

Ln. sternalis./ribs

Ln. axxilaris/axial

Ln. cervicalis superfisialis/neck

TRUNCHUS TRACHEALIS

lymph stream on the lumbosacral region

Ln. iliaca medialis

Ln. aorticus lumbalis

Ln sacralis

CISTERNA CHYLI

TRUNKUS LUMBALIS

lymphlymph stream stream of the of the organ organ insideinside cavum abdominal an cavum abdominal andd

pelvispelvisCisterna chyli

Ln. renalis

Nodus hepaticus

TRUNCHUS INTESTINALIS

lymphlymph stream stream on the body on the body surfacesurface

Ln. Cervicalis superficialis

Ln. popliteal

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

• Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O., Wensing,C.J.G., 1996. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. p 25-28, 217-258

• Getty, R. 1975. Sisson and Grossman’s The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. p 164-175,

Should I have to learn hard for examination !

Good luck …