Post on 25-May-2015
transcript
Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta
Chapter 3 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Population Geography
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Key Concepts
• Census• Demographics• Population Dynamics• Movement of Population• Population Patterns• Sustainable Development
Figure 3.1 Biometric census taking in India, 2011
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Demography
• Characteristics of a
human population– Gender, race, age, income,
disabilities, education, etc
• Census– Vital records– Limitations
Figure 3.2 Accuracy of the 1990 U.S. census
Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than theIraq case, of how the census is more than just counting people.
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Population Distribution
Figure 3.3 World population density, 2010
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Population Distribution, (cont'd)
• Geographic reasons – Environmental &
physical factors– Political & economic
experiences– Cultural
characteristics
• Examine at many
scales– Global, national,
regional, metropolitan
Figure 3.4 Population distribution of Egypt
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[Insert Figure 3.A]
A New Sense of Identity, USA
Figure 3.A Mixed-race Americans
Figure 3.B Mixed-race Americans, by region
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Population Density and Composition
• Crude (arithmetic) density
• Nutritional density• Agricultural density
Figure 3.5 Mexico City, a classic high-density urban settlement
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Health Care Density
Figure 3.6 Countries with a high proportion of old people face unique challenges. This map shows the ratio of physicians to the population by nation.
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Age-Sex Pyramids
• Shape of pyramid
is dependent on proportion of
people in each
age cohort• Dependency ratio
Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2000
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Figure 3.8 Population Pyramids of Core and Peripheral Countries
Age-Sex Pyramids, (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a country into youth, middle, and old-age cohorts? What do these categories indicate about the potential of a country's population?
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U.S. Population
• Baby Boom generation– Born 1946-1964
• Demographic, political,
and economic factors– Suburbanization
• Aging of the core
countries• Impacts on younger
Americans– The Net Generation
Figure 3.D Improved health care leading to longer life expectancies
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U.S. Population, (cont'd)
Figure 3.9 U.S. baby boomers, 1960-2040
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Birth (or Fertility) Rates
• Crude birthrate (CBR)• Total fertility rate (TFR)• Doubling time
Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight into the potential of a population
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Death (or Mortality) Rates
• Crude death rate (CDR)• Infant mortality rate• Life expectancy
Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2009 & 2010
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Death (or Mortality) Rates, (cont'd)
Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates 2009
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Figure 3.13
World Rates of Natural Increase, 2009
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Figure 3.15
HIV Infection, 2010
Apply your knowledge: How does the level of wealth of a country affect its ability to respond to health issues like HIV/AIDS, infant mortality, or life expectancy?
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Demographic Transition Theory
Figure 3.16 Demographic transition model
Figure 3.17 World trends in birth and death rates, 1775-2050
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Demographic Transition Theory, (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be concerned about its population being too small? What might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the birthrate?
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• Voluntary migration– Guest workers– Undocumented
workers
• Forced migration• Refugees• Internally displaced
persons (IDPs)
Mobility and Migration
• Emigration• Immigration• International &
internal migration– Permanent &
temporary
• Gross & net migration• Push and pull factors
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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)
Figure 3.18 Global voluntary migration, 2005
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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)
• Great Recession and
undocumented workers
• Transnational migrants• Eco-migration
Figure 3.19 Controversy surrounds immigration over the U.S./Mexico border. The Samaritans' mission is to end immigration related death and suffering.
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Figure 3.E Internally displaced persons, 2007
Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)
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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)
Figure 3.21 Iraqi diaspora before 2003 and since
Figure 3.22 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East
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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)
Figure 3.23 Changing demographic center of the U.S. 1790-2010
Figure 3.24 U.S. Rustbelt -- where population was impacted by the movement of corporations
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Population Debates and Policies
• Population and Resources– Malthus– Neo-Malthusians
• Population policy
Figure 3.29 Educating girls in Afghanistan
Figure 3.27 World population projections
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Population Issues
• Sustainable Development
• Gender Issues• Neoliberalism
Apply your knowledge: What do you consider to be the most pressing issue with respect to global population growth? Why?
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Future Geographies
• 2011 population: nearly 7 billion
• Projected to increase– 9.3 billion by 2050– Core vs. periphery
growth
• What will happen in the future?– How will urban
systems keep up?
Figure 3.31 Shanghai, China: one of the world's largest cities at 14 million
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End of Chapter 3