Post on 02-Jan-2016
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High Energy Beam Test and Simulation of
Silicon-Tungsten Calorimeter Test Module
Shinwoo Nam (Ewha Womans University)
On behalf of Ewha Womans University: S.J. Baek, H.J. Hyun, S. Nam, I.H. Park, J. Yang Korea University: J.S. Kang, S.K. Park, J.H. ChoiKyungpook National University: Y.D. Oh, K.H. Han, D.H. Kim, J.S. Seo, U.C. YangSungkyunkwan University: I.T. Yu, Y.P. YuYonsei University: B.S. Jang, S.H. Jeong, J.H. Kang, Y.J. Kwon
Introduction
• Previous studies have shown that the precision level of jet measurement required for ILC physics can be achieved by reconstructing all single particle showers in a jet.
• This leads us to two requirements for calorimeter : small Moliere radius and fine granularity.
• Silicon-Tungsten Calorimeter is a natural candidate of EM calorimeter meeting the conditions.
Content
• Development of Silicon Sensor
• Electronics and Mechanics of Test Module
• MC Simulation • Beam Test Result
• Summary
Silicon Sensor (Pixellated PIN Diode)
•Fabricated on 380um 5’ wafer
•A Sensor Size : 6.52*5.82 cm2 (including 3 guard rings )
•Pixel array : 4*4 matrix
1.55 * 1.37 cm2 each
• DC coupled
•Full depletion voltage : 90V
•Leakage current level : about 3 nA per pixel at full depletion voltage
3 Guard Rings
60um
20umN-type silicon wafer of 5 ㏀
SiO2
p+
Al
Guard Ring Pixels(Signal)
380㎛
Sawing / attach Kapton tape
Kapton tape has patterned Cu wiring(50um) on it for readout
Wire bonding
For wire boning to the diode pixel, Al wire with diameter 25 um was used. Recently we added one more wire to reduce risk of bonding failure
Glob Top (DCE, DP100)For protection of bonded wire. It is important to put the glob top in Vacuum to remove the air bubbles in glue.
Wafer -> Fabricated PIN diode matrix
Mass Production Fabrication made at SENS Technology (www.senstechnology.co.kr)
Process of Silicon Fab, Sawing, Bonding
Clean wafer
Oxidation
Cover with photoresist
Expose through maskDevelop
Etch, Stip
N+Diffusion
P+ ImplantationAnnealMetallization
Fabrication process
Capacitance Measurement
CV
0.00E+00
2.00E+17
4.00E+17
6.00E+17
8.00E+17
1.00E+18
1.20E+18
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Reverse bias voltage (V)
Cap
acita
nce(
F)
ED3_10_all
ED3_11_all
ED3_12_all
ED3_13_all
ED3_14_all
ED3_17_all
ED3_19_all
ED3_2_all
ED3_20_all
Full depletion voltage for 5kOhm wafer sensor: about 85-90V
Applied 100V because of variation in the thickness and resistivity of wafers
1/c2
Leakage Current Measurement
IV
1.00E- 10
1.00E- 09
1.00E- 08
1.00E- 07
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Reverse bias voltage(V)
Leak
age
curren
t(A)
ED2_4_1
ED2_4_2
ED2_4_3
ED2_4_4
ED2_4_5
ED2_4_6
ED2_4_7
ED2_4_8
ED2_4_9
ED2_4_10
ED2_4_11
ED2_4_12
ED2_4_13
ED2_4_14
ED2_4_15
ED2_4_16
~3nA per pixcel at full depletion voltage !
Close to 90% yield with quality cut of 20nA/pixel at 100V !
(10nA)
Dark box
Pb Pb
Photodiode sensor
Beta (90Sr) source
Gate GeneratorShaping AMP
Discriminator Trigger Photodiode
PreAmp
PreAmp for sensor
S/N ~ 120
S/N Ratio Measurement with Sr-90 source(use of single channel very low noise preamp)
Frontend Readout with CR1.4 chip
•Developed for the Pamela Experiment•16 channels of charge inputs (integrating the charge pulses -> DC levels)
•Gain: 1mV/fC•Dynamic Range: to 4000 MIPs
•up to 150 pF capacitance with leakage currents as high as 100 nA. It measures charge from 2.2 fC to 9 pC.
•Noise ~ 5000 e•Power: 0.3 mW/ch•The outputs of the T/H circuits are multiplexed to a common output buffer that is capable of driving a load of 1k and 100 pF.
•The output of the chip swings from -3V to 4V
CR1.4 chip handles a 16-ch Si sensor
Frontend board with 7 CR chips
MUX
V to C
CSA
Cf
AdjustableReset
AdjustableMOS Resister
Cfs
Cc Ct/ h
SelfTrigger
Gain
OutputBuffer
CalibrationMUX
SAT/ H
16 pixels
ADC
Gain Linearity TestUsing charge calibrationFunction of chip
Digital Electronics : ADC, Control, Power Board
FPGA
ACP Board
Power Control
DC Voltage
High Voltage
ADCs
ADC: MAX 1133
•Sampling Speed : 200ksps
(200ksps X 16bit = 0.4Mbyte/s)
•Resolution : 16bit (65536 Levels)
DAQboard
PCFrontend Board
readout speed : 0.1 msec for full readoutADC : 16 bits
Total 640 readout channels
ADC, Control Board
Data IO, Command, Calibration Boards
Integration Test of Electronics and DAQ
thickness : 3.5 mm (= 1 X0)Size 65.5 mm X 57.5 mm ( ~ sensor size)
Tungsten and Mechanics
Tungsten
Aluminum Support of a Layer
Frontend boardMount holes
Test Module : 20 layers stacked
Thickness of an Assembled Layer
Connector 2.7 mm Capacitor 1.4 mmPcb 1.7 mm Resistor 0.65 mmDiode 1.15 mm CR 1.4 chip 2.45 mmShielding board 1mm
Tungsten 3.5 mm
Aluminum 1.5 mmSensor and Readout 10 mm
15 mm
1mm inactive gap between sensors
131mm X 115mm Frontend Board
Silicon Sensor 32 pixels
in a layer
Beam Direction
Layers of Si sensorsand Tungstens
Frontend readout boards
Digitaland ControlBoards
Summary of Our Test Module Geometry• Total 20 layers = 20X with uniform layer thickness• Shower sampling at 19 layers with 2 sensors each layer.• 1mm gap between sensors• Aligned beam center to the center of a
sensor
Effective RM :~ 45mm
from volume ration of material
131mm X 115mm -> insufficient transverse shower containment
No action taken for cooling the detector.Temperature level during test : ~35 to 40 deg
1mm inactive gap
RM
Geant4 Simulation
RM is about 45mm
<30GeV, e-, for 1/500 event>
Radius(mm)
E(MeV)
Geant4.7 with full official high energy physics list, Detector geometry same as real test module,Fixed beam gun without spread, Detector responses in terms of pure energy loss (no noise and digitization)
100GeV
50GeV
10GeV
Electron Longitudinal Shower Profiles
<50GeV>
Geant Simulation
<20GeV>
Fitted curve to… 18 % / √E
total energy loss in silicon layers vs. electron beam energy
GeV
MeV
GeV
dE/E vs. E
CERN Beam Test
Steps of Beam Test
1. Tune trigger time delay 2. Align detector by using movable
table under the our detector
3. MIP calibration of all channels (using hadron beam (less sprea
d) after removing all tungstens)
4. Data Run (electron 150,100,80,50,30,20,
10 GeV hadron 150 GeV muon 150 GeV)
random trigger mixed in the runs for pedestal monitor
beam
Thanks A. Malinine for the test beam line control
Beam Test : CERN SPS H2 beam line Beam Test : CERN SPS H2 beam line for a week till Sep. 7 2004 for a week till Sep. 7 2004 Beam cycle 18.0 sec with 4.8 sec spill timeBeam cycle 18.0 sec with 4.8 sec spill timebeam line focus & existing trigger scintillators beam line focus & existing trigger scintillators give beam spread of ~1 cm diametergive beam spread of ~1 cm diameter Beam focus worse in muon beamBeam focus worse in muon beam
Channel Scan for MIP calibration
an example of a sensor with all good pixels
Scanned over all 640 channels with 100 GeV hadron Beam
(no tungsten)
Pedestal :Gaussian FitMean : 5206.9Sigma : 7.2
Signal :Landau FitPeak : 5243
ADC Counts
S/N = 5.2
50 GeV Electron
50 GeV pion
150 GeV Muon
Total ADC of an event / 640
First Analysis : sum ADC counts of all channels
No rejection of dead, noisy channels, No gain calibration applied
Detector Response to Different Particles
Online Shower Profile Monitor Pedestal subtracted
Random Trigger events (total pedestal)
Detector Response to Different e- Energy Shower
Total ADC of an event / 640
150 GeV
100 GeV
80 GeV
50 GeV
30 GeV
20 GeV
10 GeV
Readout Pedestals from Random Trigger
Calorimeter CalibrationTota
l A
DC
ab
ove p
ed
esta
l /
640
Electron Energy in GeV
Straight Fit Line 1GeV <--> 4.2 * 640 ADC Counts
Linear response, No saturation
Preliminary
Energy Resolution
Electron Energy in GeV
dE /
E (%
)
Preliminary
Fit curve : 29%/√E
Geant4 simulation of this setup taking into account only shower leakage gives18%/√E.
Simulation with dead channels (~2%), noisy channels (~10%), ADC unstable(~10%) : 21%/√E.
Further analysis needed to study the influence of beam spread, insufficient gain calibration, and readout channel cross-talks.
Summary
• High-quality Silicon pixel sensors were successfully developed and produced. - the yield close to 90% (better than initial expectation)
– excellent quality, typically Id <=10nA/cm2
• Si-W Test Module was built and exposed to the high-energy beams - Obtained typical performance as an EM calorimeter in the detector responses to the different beam energy and particle type.
- Preliminary result of electron energy resolution : 28%/√E, - MC result : 18%/√E for perfect readout 21%/√E taking into account of noisy and bad channels
- Under study for the effect of gain calibration, beam spread, and cross-talks in readout electronics
• Further tests of silicon sensors with more practical integration condition is in preparation.