The Golden Age of Greece

Marathon 490 BC

Peloponnesian War

Rise of Macedon

The Sophists

Socrates and Reason

Plato(429 - 347 BC)

“Let none but geometersenter here”

The Republic

Real vs. Idealchanging/constantsenses/soul -> Truth

Platonic bodies

Plato’s Challenge

Explain the motionof the planetarybodies

Heraclides - heliocentrismEarth rotates on

axis

Eudoxus

Concentric spheres

Alexander the Great(356 - 323 BC)

Aristotle(384 - 322 BC)

Son of Nicomachus

Student of Plato

“Eudaimonia”

Aristotle

Homunculus“Man the seed,woman the incubator”

Preformationismvs. epigenesis

Embryology

Aristotle as Biologist

Categorized 500+ animals Blooded Non-blooded

Live young egg bearing insects sea animals

Also DUALIZERS (whales, bats, sponges)

Dissection

Dog shark

Aristotelian Motion

Celestial vs. Terrestrial

Matter has: Material CauseShapeEfficient CauseFirst Cause

Matter

Material Cause(wood)

Shape (carpentry)

Efficient Cause (builder)

First Cause (slumber)

Elements & Opposites

How things present to the senses

Interchangeable

Ether

Natural Motion

Things move accordingto their nature

Intrinsically at rest

Need a MOVER

Heavy things fall faster

Aristotelian Universe

Central spherical Earth

Circle = perfect shape

Stars = finite boundary

Crystal Spheres

55spheres

buffers

Meterologica

Earthquakes

Tornadoes

Lightning

Milky Way

Legacy

Tradition of writing

Lyceum

Library

Greek Technology

Anacharses

Glaucus

Theodorus

Archimedes(287 - 212 BC)

Golden Crown

Heat Ray?

Lever

Water screw

Archimedes

Archimedes’ principledisplacement volume

Archimedes

“Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth”

Water Screw

Buoyant force

Burning Mirror

Siege ofSyracuse

Archimedean solids

Aristarchus(310 - 230 BC)

Sun centered solar systemwith a rotating, tilted Earth

Distance to the Sun

Size & Distance of the moon

Aristarchus: Moon = 1/3 EarthDistance = 40 x Earth’s Diameter

Eratosthenes(276 - 195 BC)

Map of the world

Calculated the tilt of the Earth (11/83 of 180°)

Circumference of the Earth

7.1° 800 km360° = x

X = 40, 560 km = 25, 000 mi

Euclid(325 - 270 BC)

Geometry

Squaring the circle

Golden Ratio

Phidias

Parthenon

Hipparchus(190 - 120 BC)

Star catalogMovement of equinoxes

Precession

Length of the Seasons

Ptolemy

Almagest (The Greatest Compilation)

Ptolemaic Model

Deferents Andepicycles

Rise of Rome

Greek colony

~ 31 BC

Roman engineering

Aqueducts

Roads

Roman medicine

Celsus (25 BC - 50 AD)(Aulus Cornelius Celsus)

Physician or editor

Introduced terms:calor, dolor, rubor, tumor

Galen(129 - 200 AD)

Aristotelian & Hippocratic

Experimentalist (anatomy demos)

Equilibrium via bloodletting & therapy

Roman surgery

Bone hooks

Bloodletting cups

scalpels

Decline of Rome

Overextension

Crime/corruption

“barbarians”

East/West split

Rise of Islam

Muhammed(570 - 632)

Qu’ran

Unified Arab tribes

The Age of Islam

Scientific Tradition in Islam

Decline of Rome/ByzantiumRise of Christianity

Military Success

Translation programs

Arabic schools

Caliph patronage

Many disciplines

Writing/publishing

“Seek learning”

Arithmetic

Arabic (Indian)numerals

Unlimited with place values

Roman Numerals

MCMLXXXVIII = 1988

Al-Kharizmi(~680 - 750)

Algorithm

Book of Calculationsalgebra = jabr“transformation”

Quadratic solutionsax2 + bx + c = 0

Omar Khayyam

Rubai’yat

Omar Khayyam(1048 - 1122)

Cubic equations x3 + a = bx

Binomial expansion

(1 + x)n =>

The Noblest Science

Tradition of observation

Establishing time of daymuwaqqit

When is the new moon?

Navigation, Mecca

Navigation

Direction of Mecca

Astrolabe

Astrolabe

Prayer Times

SunsetLate eveningDawnMiddayLate afternoon

‘Ilm al-miqat

Islamic Calendar Starts Sept 622 AD

Lunar

Alternating 30/29d

Leap years:2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16,18, 21, 24, 26, 29in 32 years

Al-Tusi(1201- 1274)

Tusi couple

Earth’s Rotation

Comets

Alchemy

Al Razi (Rhazes) (850 - 925)

Experimentation

New classification ofElements

Elements

Stones Vitriols Borax Salts

Al-qili = Alkali

“Secret of Secrets”

Al iksir

Elixir

Philosopher’sstone

Jabir(721 - 815)

“Geber”

Spirits, Metals,Powders & Stones

Al Biruni(973 - 1048)

“Book of Drugs”

Translated Indianworks

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)(981- 1037)

The Canon

Psychologist?

Disease distribution

TB, Smallpox

Persian Galen

Pharmacy

760 drugs

Pharmacopia

Islamic hospitals

The Central Kingdom

Dynasties of China

Shang 1600 - 1066 BC

Han 206 BC - 220 AD

Tang 618 - 907 AD

Sung 960 - 1279

Ming 1368 - 1636

Qing 1636 - 1911

Geographical Advantages

Head Start

Isolation

Climate

East-west rivers

Medicine

Blood circulation

Ch’I

Heart as Pump

Circadian rhythm

Diagnosis and Treatment

Deficiency diseasesscurvy, beriberi

Diabetes

Goiter

Variolation

Szechwan province

“Chung mao”

Tradition of Herbal Medicine

Chao Yung-Fung“Golden remedies”

Mu Piao

Chinese Astronomy

Eclipse prediction

Sunspots?

1054 Supernova

“Guest star”

Cartography

Surveying

Sailing charts

compass

Circumnavigation?

Zheng He(1371 - 1433)

Muslim

Admiral of Chinese Navy

Zheng He expeditions

World Map?

Evidence?

Pate folklore

Did Zheng He Discover America?

What happened to the Navy?

Little competition

Less incentive

Political power struggle

Canal buildinginfrastructure

Technology in China

Paper/printing

Silk

Guns/gunpowder

porcelain

Paper

Mulberry bark -> pulp

~100 AD

Wrapping paper

Printing

Wood blocksthen metal/ceramic

Pi Shengmoveable type

Printed Books

First book 868 ADDiamond Sutra

Gutenberg 1453 AD

Paper Money

1380 AD

“Precious Note of Great Ming”

Playing Cards

~1000 AD

“stimulate thinking,convenient,without meditation”

Gambling

Silk

Bombyx Mori

Boil cocoon

Single Thread 300 - 900 m long

Uses of Silk

Chinese Weapons

“Gung pao”

1044: Wu Ching Tsung Yao

Saltpeter/C/sulfur

Shock & Awe

Added metalsfor color, soundeffects

Firearrows & Cannons

Firearrowsdipped in flammableswith poison on tips

Cannon 1368 Smoke screen

Ceramics

Still known as “china”

Kaolin (white clay)

+

Petuntse (white brick)

Seladon

Sung dynasty960 - 1279

Stoneware withcolored glazes

Porcelain (tz’u)

Whitenesssmoothnessnonporoushardnesstranslucent

Legacies

Silk Road

Spice Trade

Perfume/incense

The Science of India

Central Location Tradition of

outsideinfluence of and tolerance for different schools of thought

Shintoism, Buddhism, Jainism

Caste system

Indian Astronomy

Surya Siddhanta~ 600 AD

Imported Greek texts

Brahmagupta(598 - 668)

Sun = star

Spherical movingEarth

Gravity? “Bodies fall towards the earth as it is in the nature of the earth to attract bodies, just as it is in the nature of water to flow”

Timekeeping

Hindu:Lunar day (tithi)

12 months of 30 tithi

360 day year

27 wives of Moon

Nakshatras27 n x 4 phases = 108

Moment = 1/30 day30 m x 360 d = 10,800

Great Year

360 d x 12,000 divine years = 4,320,000

COSMIC CYCLE

Precession

Indian Medicine

Ayurveda“Science and Wisdomof life”

Dynamic Balance

Indian Mathematics

“Arabic” numerals

Sunya

Technology

Textiles/weaving

Weapons

Shipbuilding

Southeast Asian climate

Monsoon civilizations

Khmer empire

800 - 1431

Highly centralized

Angkor

Angkor Wat

Suryavarman II (1130)

Hindularge stonemonument

Rediscovered 1866

Mount Meru

Angkor Wat

Cardinal directions

Angkor Wat

“Day of the Gods”

Why was it Abandoned?

1430 - 1445

Rise of Thai andVietnamese societies