• How do black smokers work?

• Let’s take a look at this animation…

• http://www.amnh.org/nationalcenter/expeditions/blacksmokers/animation.html#animation

• Another webpage about black smokers

http://www.wnet.org/savageearth/hellscrust/html/sidebar2.html

• Spreading centers and magnetic reversals

• http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=1683

Plate boundaries, polar shifts, transform faults and so much more!

• http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/animations/ch2.htm

History of the Universe, Solar System, and Planets

Jacopo Tintoretto's "The Origin of the Milky Way"

Structure of the Universe

• Earth is one of nine planets in solar system• Our sun is a star• Stars cluster to form galaxies• Our sun is one of over 300 billion stars in

the Milky Way galaxy• Milky Way is one of 100 billion galaxies in

the visible Universe• Most galaxies look like stars to us.

• All cultures have creation myths

Origin of Earth and the universe

• Judeo-Christian tradition

God created the Heavens and Earth

God created light, oceans, land, plants, animals, humans

Origin of Earth and the universe

• IncaThe Earth was dark, the God Con Tiqui emerged out

of a lake bringing first humans with him.He made the sun, moon, starsHe made more humans out of large rocksHumans weren’t grateful enough, Con Tiqui

punished them with droughtAnother God drove out Con Tiqui, turned his people

into monkeys, made our ancestors

Origin of the Universe

• The Scientific community– The Big Bang Theory

Big Bang Theory

• All matter in small point with no volume

• No matter, only energy

• The point exploded 15 billion years ago

Big Bang Theory

• ~one ten-thousandth of a second later: – universe cooled to ~5 billion degrees– Protons and neutrons form

• Atoms form ~half a billion years later

• 10 billion years for planets to form

Big Bang Theory

• 1 million years after Big Bang

• Universe was hot cloud

• 98% hydrogen and 2% helium

• Today: 98% hydrogen AND helium, 2% other elements

Evidence of Big Bang Theory

• The universe is expanding (red shift or blue shift– based on Doppler premise)

• Background radiation in universe

Solar Nebula theory• Origin of our solar

system• Material in galaxy

condensed, collapsed• Cloud is solar nebula• Cloud flattened, started

rotating; rotated faster and faster as material contracted

• Material segregated into rings, which turned into planets

Solar Nebula theory

• 90% of mass in middle• Cloud cools,

condenses• Gases, liquids, solid

form planetesimals• Planetesimals grow

into planets

Our solar system• Material in center of

nebula condenses, collapses, heats to few million degrees

• Forms our sun

Our solar system

Terrestrial planetsJovian planets

Planets of our solar system• Inner planets: small, rocky

• Outer planets: large, gaseous• Pluto is transitional : small and icy; not a

planet anymore! http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060824-pluto-planet.html

Other things in our solar system• Asteroids: planetesimals between Mars and

Jupiter

Other things in our solar system

• Meteorites

• Rock left over from beginning of solar system

Structure of the Earth

Homogeneous accretion theory

• Formation of layered Earth

• Earth starts out homogeneous

Homogeneous accretion theory

• Iron, nickel sink to core

Homogeneous accretion theory

• Iron, nickel sink to core

• Lighter elements in mantle and crust

• Extreme pressure at center of earth keeps the core solid

OurMoon

• Moon’s surface:– Maria (dark colored)

are basalt

– Highlands (light colored) igneous rock

Our moon• Parts of Moon’s

surface:– Maria 3.8-3.2 billion– Highlands 4.4 billion

Origin of moon

Some theories:

• Formed as two-planet system

• Broke from Earth during formation

• Captured

Origin of moon• Impact with planetesimal

Our moon

• Parts of Moon’s surface:– Craters from meteor

impacts

Craters on Earth

• Only 120 identified craters

Craters on Earth

• Only 120 identified craters

• Why so few on Earth and so many on Moon?

Trivia about our solar system

• Our solar system is on the edge of a spiral arm in the Milky Way

• Our solar system rotates around the center of the galaxy once every 250 million years

• Relative to the center of the Milky Way, our solar system rotates at 200 km/s