Post on 19-Jan-2016
transcript
How the TransmissionSystem Works
Really
William F. Reinke
2
Acknowledgements
● Don Benjamin – NERC Staff www.nerc.com
● Terry Boston - TVA
Topics
● Purpose of the transmission system● Structure
Bits and pieces, odds and ends
● How to buy and sell electricity Before and after deregulation
● Major blackout chronology● Important dates
Characteristics of Electricity
● Travels at the speed of light● Cannot be stored● Network must be continuously
connected Cannot be “routed”
Terms
● Voltage volts pressure● Current amps flow● Power watts v x a● Energy watt-hours watts x
time● Frequency hertz cycles/sec● Fundamental Laws
Ohm Kirchhoff
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Power System Overview
7
Substations
Circuit Breakers
● Open breaker Power can’t flow
● Closed breaker Power can flow
● Trip: Closed Opened
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Bulk Power Transformers
11
12
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Distribution Transformers
Purpose of Transmission
● Connect generators to each other and to the distribution system Handle contingencies (equipment
failures) Dispatch generation economically
● Connect utilities to each other Buying and selling electricity Reserve sharing
But it’s not like...
● The natural gas pipeline system● The telephone system● The water system● The transportation system● These are examples of “switched”
systems…because electricity can’t be routed!
The Control Area (Balancing Authority)
MM
ControlCenter
Generating Plant #1
Generating Plant #2 Customers
Control Areas (Balancing Authorities)
MA
CD
BM
M
M
M
M
M
M
The Steps of an Interchange TransactionBefore Deregulation
● 3:40 pm Schedule● 3:55 pm Confirm● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange Seller increases generation Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm End Seller decreases generation Buyer increases generation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
A$20/MWh
B$40/MWh
100 MW
Interchange Price= (A+B)/2= $30/ MWhSet up by system operators
The Steps of an Interchange TransactionAfter Deregulation
● 3:40 pm Schedule● 3:55 pm Confirm● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange Seller increases generation Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm End Seller decreases generation Buyer increases generation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
100 MW
• Interchange Price Depends on Market
• Set up by Merchants
M1 M2
A$20/MWh
B$40/MWh
The Interconnections
EasternInterconnection
WesternInterconnection
ERCOTInterconnection
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Regional Entities
23November 9, 1965April 3/ 4, 1976July 13, 1977July 2/3, 1996August 10, 1996June 25, 19982000/2001May 15, 2003August 14, 2003
Widespread DisturbancesWidespread Disturbances
March 8, 2004
SERSERCC
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KEY INDUSTRY DATES● 1965 Northeast Blackout● 1968 NERC Formed● 1970 SERC Formed● 1973 Oil Embargo, end of 7% annual growth● 1977 National Energy Plan – Created DOE● 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act
(PURPA)● 1978 Power Plant and Fuel Use Act● 1979 Three Mile Island● 1992 Energy Policy Act● 1996 FERC Orders 888, 889● 1996 California Restructuring● 2000 FERC Order 2000 RTOs
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KEY INDUSTRY DATES● 2001 September 11● 2002 FERC Standard Market Design
Notice Of Proposed Rulemaking● 2003 FERC Wholesale Power Market
Platform White Paper● August 2003 Blackout● August 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005● February 2006 FERC Order 672 establishing
rules concerning the certification of the Electric Reliability Organization and procedures for the establishment, approval, and
enforcement of Electric Reliability Standards
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KEY INDUSTRY DATES● April 2006 NERC files Application to become
the Electric Reliability Organization
● July 2006 NERC Certified as the Electric Reliability Organization
● Nov 2006 Regional Entity Delegation Agreements Filed
● March 2007 FERC Order 693 approving 83 reliability standards and making compliance with reliability standards mandatory for all owners, operators and users of the bulk power system
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KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● April 2007 FERC approves Delegation Agreements between NERC
and the eight Regional Entities● June 18, 2007 Reliability Standards
become mandatory for all owners, operators and users of the bulk power system