How to Build Linked Data Sites with Drupal 7 and RDFa

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Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie

Semantic Web benefits

! Programs and sites can exchange information

my-site.net your-site.orgcompany.com

! Search engines can display more relevant information in results

! Data mashers can combine data from different datasets to find new and astounding things

Key (confusing) terms

Machine UnderstandableLinked Data

SPARQL

Federated DatasetGiantGlobalGraph

Machine Understandable

The Semantic Web helps machines understand what the information on a Web page is...

linclark.jpg

is a picture

of a person

Lin Clark

esource

escription

ramework

Everything is a resource

A resource is a named thing

A resource is a uniquely named thing

thishttp://lin-clark.com/page.html#this

lin:this

URICURIENamespace

xmlns:lin=”http://lin-clark.com/page.html#

A resource can be a document

dblp:this

foaf:Document

A resource can be a company

deri:this

foaf:Organization

A resource can even be a person

lin:me

foaf:Person

You can describe properties of that person...

lin:me

foaf:name Lin Clark

foaf:mbox lin.clark@deri.org

foaf:birthday 07-01

and describe how that person is related to other resources

lin:me

deri:thisdblp:this

swrc:employsfoaf:made

Federated Dataset

Because we are using http URIs,

these resources don’t need to be in the same database

lin:me

deri:thisdblp:this

swrc:employsfoaf:made

Federated Dataset

the resources can be distributed across the Web

in a federated datagraph

Giant Global Graph

And when all resources are described this way,

the Web becomes one giant database...

SPARQL

Find and retrieve information from the graph

using SPARQL

The Semantic Web

Machine UnderstandableLinked Data

SPARQL

Federated DatasetGiantGlobalGraph

The Semantic Web

The Web - Initial Proposal (1989)

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http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html

The Web - Circa 2010

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The Web – 1994 Vision

To a computer, the Web is a flat, boring world, devoid of meaning. This is a pity, as in fact documents on the Web describe real objects and imaginary concepts, and give particular relationships between them. For example, a document might describe a person. The title document to a house describes a house and also the ownership relation with a person. Adding semantics to the Web involves two things: allowing documents which have information in machine-readable forms, and allowing links to be created with relationship values. Only when we have this extra level of semantics will we be able to use computer power to help us exploit the information to a greater extent than our own reading.

Tim Berners-Lee, 1st World Wide Web Conference, Geneva, May 1994

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The Web – 1994 Vision

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http://www.slideshare.net/danbri/when-presentation-849447

The Semantic Web

!  Bridging the gap from a Web of Documents to a Web of Data "  With typed objects and typed relationships: The Web as a

giant decentralized database

!  Adding machine-readable meta-data to existing content "  So that information can be parsed, queried, reused

!  Defining shared semantics for this meta-data "  For interoperability between applications and for advanced

purposes, such as reasoning

!  Enabling machine-readable knowledge at Web scale, making information more easy to find and process

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A Bit of History

!  Memex "  1945 ! - Vannevar Bush

"  A memex is “a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications.”

!  Augmenting Human Intellect "  1960 - Douglas Engelbart

"  “By ‘augmenting human intellect’ we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems.”

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More recently

!  SHOE "  http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/

"  “SHOE is a small extension to HTML which allows web page authors to annotate their web documents with machine-readable knowledge. SHOE makes real intelligent agent software on the web possible.“

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The Semantic Web, right now

!  Standardisation work in W3C "  http://w3.org

!  Semantic Web activity "  http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

!  Incubator Groups, Working Groups, Interest Groups "  SPARQL - http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page

"  RDB2RDF – http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/rdb2rdf

"  RIF - http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/

"  HCLS - http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/hcls/

"  …

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The Semantic Web stack

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http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

The Semantic Web stack

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http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png

URIs, RDF(S) and OWL

!  A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource as of RFC3986

!  URIs are used to identify everything in a unique and non-ambiguous way "  Not only pages (as on the current Web), but any resource

(people, documents, books, interests …)

"  A URI for a person is different from a URI for a document about the person, because a person is not a document !

!  Example "  http://apassant.net/alex - myself

"  http://apassant.net - my homepage

Resource Description Framework

!  URI represent resources "  But how define things about these resources ?

"  E.g. “Drupal is a CMS”, “DERI is in Galway”

!  RDF – Resource Description Framework "  RDF abstract syntax, a data model: a directed, labeled

graph based on URIs

"  RDF is not XML ! RDF/XML is only one of the multiple way to serialize RDF data (N3, RDFa …)

!  RDF is based on triples "  <subject> <predicate> <object> .

"  Subjects and predicates are URIs

"  Objects can be either URIs or litterals

RDF by example

@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . !

<http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id>! dct:title “How to build Linked Data sites with Drupal7 and

RDFa” ; ! dct:author <http://apassant.net/alex> ;! dct:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal> .!

How to build Linked Data sites with

Drupal7 and RDFadct:title http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id

http://apassant.net/alex http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal

dct:author dct:subject

!  A way of embedding RDF in (X)HTML documents: "  One page for both humans and machines

"  Don’t need to repeat yourself

"  Introducing new XHTML attributes

"  http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer/

!  Current work is ongoing on RDFa 1.1: "  For profiles, etc.

RDFa by example

RDFa and prefixes

!  http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org "  Header contains prefixes and links to the GRDDL

transformation

Extracting other serialisations

!  http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org "  Webpage can be translated to native RDF/XML using an

RDFa distiller - http://www.w3.org/2007/08/pyRdfa/

Ontologies

!  RDF provides a way to write assertions "  But what about their semantics

"  E.g. how can one know thathttp://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows identifies an acquaintance relationship ?

!  Ontologies provide common semantics for resources on the Semantic Web "  “An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization.”

!  Developing ontologies for the Semantic Web "  Main languages are RDFS (RDF Schema) and OWL (Web

Ontology Language)

"  Growing expressivity levels

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Ontologies

!  Classes and properties "  :Person a rdfs:Class .

"  :father a rdfs:Property .

"  :father rdfs:domain :Person .

"  :father rdfs:range :Person .

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Metadata and ontologies

!  RDFS defines classes, properties and subsumption relations between classes and properties "  ex:Person rdfs:subClassOf ex:humanLiving .

"  ex:worksWith rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:knows .

!  Such relationships are used to infer new statements "  :alex rdf:type ex:Person .

"  :Alex ex:worksWith :Axel .

"  Is enough to say that Alex is a humanLiving and knows Axel

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RDFS by example

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!  OWL goes further than RDFS by introducing new axioms "  Disjunction (e.g. person / document)

"  Transitivity (e.g. ancestor)

"  Symmetry (e.g. sibling)

"  Cardinality constraints (e.g. ancestor > 1)

!  OWL2 introduces a lot of useful features, especially for reasoning "  Property Chains (parent + brother -> uncle)

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OWL by example

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OWL2 Property chain example

ex:uncle rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .

ex:parent rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .

ex:brother rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .

[] rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:uncle;!!

owl:propertyChain (!

ex:parent!!

ex:brother!!

:alice ex:parent :bob .

:bob ex:brother :joe .

:alice ex:uncle :joe .

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Linked Data

!  Building a “Web of Data” to enhance the current Web

!  Exposing, sharing and connecting data about things via dereferenceable URIs

!  The Linking Open Data (LOD) project: "  http://linkeddata.org/

"  Translating existing datasets into RDF and linking them together, for example DBpedia (Wikipedia) and GeoNames, Freebase, BBC programmes, etc.

"  Governement data also available as Linked Data

The Linked Data principles

!  http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html

!  Use URIs as names for things

!  Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names

!  When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL)

!  Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things

!  E.g. http://dbpedia.org/resource/SPARQL

The LOD cloud

image from richard.cyganiak.de/2007/10/lod/lod-datasets_2009-07-14.png

Some Ontologies used in Drupal7

Which ontologies to use ?

!  SearchMonkey Vocabularies "  http://developer.yahoo.com/searchmonkey/smguide/

profile_vocab.html

Which ontologies to use ?

!  How to Publish Linked Data on the Web "  http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/

LinkedDataTutorial/

Extending ontologies ?

!  What if existing ontologies are not enough for your needs ? "  Create a new ontology

"  … or extend an existing one !

!  Ontologies can be extended in a decentralized way "  E.g. Anyone can create a subproperty of foaf:knows,

“metInSemtech”, in his own ontology and publish it online

!  Open.vocab.org "  A collaborative platform to manage ontologies

"  http://open.vocab.org

Drupal7

!  The following models are used in Drupal7

!  RSS Content module "  http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/

!  DublinCore "  http://dublincore.org/

!  FOAF "  http://foaf-project.org

!  SIOC and its Types module "  http://sioc-project.org

!  SKOS "  http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

RSS Content

DublinCore

!  DublinCore "  DCMI Metadata Terms

"  http://purl.org/dc/terms/

!  Some properties "  dc:title

"  dc:subject

"  dc:created

"  dc:date

"  dc:modified

DublinCore by example

FOAF – Friend Of A Friend

!  An ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them: "  http://foaf-project.org/

"  Identity, personal profiles and social networks "  Can be integrated with other SW vocabularies

!  FOAF on the Web: "  LiveJournal, MyOpera, identi.ca, MyBlogLog, hi5, Fotothing,

Videntity, FriendFeed, Ecademy, Typepad

FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend)

FOAF at a glance

FOAF from Flickr

FOAF from Twitter

Distributed identity with FOAF

Interlinking identities and networks

FOAF+SSL: Secured authentication

!  Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities "  http://sioc-project.org/

!  Addressing interoperability issues on the (Social) Web "  To fully describe content / structure of social websites and

to create new connections between online discussion posts and items, forums and containers

"  Various domains: Web 2.0, enterprise information integration, HCLS, e-government

"  Widely deployed (SearchMonkey, Talis, etc.)

The SIOC core ontology

SIOC by example

SIOC Types

!  Additional information is required for finer-grained representation of Web 2.0 content "  Differentiating a blog post from a wiki page or from a

microblogging status update

!  SIOC Types "  http://rdfs.org/sioc/types

!  Use-case in HCLS "  http://www.w3.org/TR/hcls-sioc/

SIOC Types

SIOC Types by example

!  SKOS - Simple Knowledge Organization System "  http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-

reference-20090818/

!  Thesaurus, subject headings and classifications "  skos:Concept

"  skos:semanticRelation –  skos:related, skos:narrower, skos:broader

–  A different semantics than in RDFS/OWL hierarchies

!  Used by: "  NY Times, Library of Congress, DBpedia, etc.

SKOS by example

ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL ex:Web

skos:Concept

rdf:type

SKOS by example

ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL

skos:broader

ex:Web

skos:broader

skos:Concept

rdf:type

SKOS by example

skos:broader

ex:Web

skos:broader

skos:narrowerskos:narrower

skos:Concept

rdf:type

SKOS by example

skos:broader

ex:Web

skos:broader

skos:narrowerskos:narrower

skos:Concept

rdf:type

skos:semanticRelation

SKOS by example

Querying RDF data with SPARQL

SPARQL

!  RDF(S)/OWL useful to produce data "  A need to query it

!  SPARQL "  SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language

"  The “SQL” of the Semantic Web

!  FAQ "  http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sparql-faq

!  SPARQL Query Recommendation / tutorial "  http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/

!  Currently under standardization for SPARQL1.1 "  http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page

How it works ?

!  Graph Pattern Matching "  Identifying if a requested graph matches the underlying

RDF data

!  Four different operators "  SELECT, DESCRIBE, CONSTRUCT, ASK

"  Combined with query patterns and optional features (union, filters …)

!  A Protocol "  To query RDF data using SPARQL endpoints via HTTP

!  Most of endpoints are associated with an RDF store "  A place that stores RDF data and provides open access to

it – e.g. http://dbpedia.org/sparql

Example of SELECT queries

“select persons older than 30”

SELECT ?X WHERE { ?X a foaf:Person. ?X ex:age ?Y. FILTER (?Y > 30) }

Querying DBpedia

!  People Born in Galway "  Simple triple pattern

"  http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace

!  Answer SELECT ?who!WHERE {! ?who !<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace> :Galway .!}!

Querying DBpedia

!  Japanese name of Galway

!  Using the FILTER by LANG clause "  FILTER(lang(?x) = "ja")

!  Answer SELECT ?name!WHERE {! :Galway rdfs:label ?name .! FILTER (lang(?name) = "ja") .!}!

Querying DBpedia

!  Irish cities at the east of Galway!

Querying DBpedia

!  FILTER by type and comparison of coordinates

!  Answer PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>!SELECT DISTINCT ?place ?long WHERE {! :Galway dbpedia2:westCoord ?glong .! ?place rdf:type! yago:CitiesInTheRepublicOfIreland ;! dbpedia2:westCoord ?long .! FILTER (?long < ?glong) !}!

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What is Drupal?

What IS Drupal?

Content Management System

Content Management Framework

What IS Drupal?

CMS A package that a non-developer (or non-Web developer) can download and install quickly and easily to create a complex website

Runs on many servers, particularly Apache and MySQL which are used by many hosting providers

With Drupal 7, setup should take less than 10 minutes

A collection of modules that can be plugged into the

main package to bring advanced functionality to the site

At last count in Spring of 2009, there were 4400 modules on Drupal.org

Common quote: “There’s a module for that”

What IS Drupal?

CMF Gets Web developers up and running with functionality quickly, but allows for a very high level of customization

A number of APIs for things such as form creation and processing

Hook system allows external modules to act when something happens in the main body of code

All templates can be overridden at a granular level

Allows Web developers to package up any custom functionality or configuration and distribute it widely to developers and non-developers alike

Modules

Themes

Installation Profiles and Features

What does RDF in Drupal mean?

CMS Out of the box, content structures are mapped to RDF

Contributed modules offer advanced functionality without having to code anything

CMF RDF Mapping API in Drupal core package

A collection of RDF functions in a contributed API

Why Drupal?

Similarities

•Both have structured data

•Data is structured in a similar way—instances of types with properties and relationships

Why Drupal?

Differences

•Drupal’s structure stays hidden in the database, RDF structure is exposed on the page

•Drupal’s field names are unique to the site and not explicitly defined,RDF terms are universally dereferencable and explicitly defined

Default RDF mappings in core

•Node titles

•Submission information

•Comment count and comment relationships

•Users, names and homepages

•Taxonomy terms

•Featured images

... And you can define your own mappings for your content types or alter mappings for existing ones

sioc:Item,

foaf:DocumentProduce and Consume

Linked Data with Drupal dc:title

dc:modified

sioc:num_replies

dc:created, dc:dateposted on October 22

content:encodedProduce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the

title of the paper I will be presenting next week at

the 8th International Semantic Web Conference

(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC. sioc:Post,

sioct:Comment

dc:modified

by Stéphane

foaf:name

foaf:homepage

sioc:User

has_creator

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dc:title

Wow, that’s rad! dc:created, dc:date

posted on October 23 by Lincontent:encoded

Nice work!

Drupal ISWC RDFa

skos:Concept

skos:prefLabel,

rdfs:label

skos:description

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posted on

<span property="dc:date dc:created"

content="2009-10-22T08:03:26-05:00"

datatype="xsd:dateTime">

October 22

</span>

<span about="/user/6"

typeof="sioc:User"

property="foaf:name">

stephane

</span>

Produce and Consume

Linked Data with Drupal

posted on October 22

Produce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the

title of the paper I will be presenting next week at

the 8th International Semantic Web Conference

(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC.

Drupal ISWC RDFa

by Stéphane

Wow, that’s rad!

posted on October 23 by Lin

Nice work!

RDF Mapping User Interface

User interface for site administrators to define new

mappings or alter existing mappings.

RDF SPARQL Endpoint

A RDF store that makes your site information available for SPARQL queries.

RDF Proxy

A way of connecting nodes to RDF sources across the Web and automatically syncing your site’s information with the external source.

Item for salegr:Offering

gr:hasPriceSpecification

gr:hasWarrantyScope

gr:hasWarrantyPromise

E-Commerce Module

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Site Configuration

•Edit your site informationadmin/config/system/site-information

•Create a front pagenode/add & admin/config/system/site-information

•Change your site design and logoadmin/appearance

•Install modulesadmin/modules

•Configure Wysiwyg editoradmin/config/content/wysiwyg

Site Configuration

•Create Content Types & Add Fieldsadmin/structure/types

•Manage menusadmin/structure/menu/manage/main-menu

Review and find out more at:youtube.com/linwclark

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