Post on 11-Jan-2016
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Types/Functions of Proteins • Contractile Proteins - are responsible for movement. Examples include actin and myosin.
These proteins are involved in muscle contraction and movement. • Enzymes - are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions. They are often referred to as
catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions. Examples include the enzymes lactase and pepsin. Lactase breaks down the sugar lactose found in milk. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that works in the stomach to break down proteins in food.
• Hormonal Proteins - are messenger proteins which help to coordinate certain bodily activities. Examples include insulin, oxytocin, and somatotropin. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism by controlling the blood-sugar concentration. Oxytocin stimulates contractions in females during childbirth. Somatotropin is a growth hormone that stimulates protein production in muscle cells.
• Structural Proteins - are fibrous and stringy and provide support. Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin. Keratins strengthen protective coverings such as hair, quills, feathers, horns, and beaks. Collagens and elastin provide support for connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments.
• Transport Proteins - are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another around the body. Examples include hemoglobin and cytochromes. Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as electron carrier proteins.
Hemoglobin!– Bohr, Babies, Sickle
Lab 06 Hemoglobin II
• How Hb switches from O2-binding to O2- releasing
• How a single nucleotide change causes sickle-cell anemia
• … and you’ll work on ‘your’ genetic disease
Today you’ll learn
• H+ donors
• pH
• ‘things’ act differently in acids/bases
Acids – what are they?
http://www.chemeddl.org/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/b73843fe-f422-4539-91fd-230d615d1faf/L-histidine-jmol.jpeg?guest=true
pHand
Histidine
H+H+
H+H+
H+H+ H+H+
H+H+
Open Bohr, Babies, Sickle
Question # ?
What’s the deal with CO2?• Back to ‘polarity’
• How to dissolve it in blood?
• Just add water
• H2CO3 = carbonic acid
• HCO3- and H+• Decrease blood pH
• Increase respiratory rate
O=C=O
Why breath hard?• Breathing rate stay up until…
• Run up the stairs and you’ll breath hard even after you’re done
• Hyperventilation?
• Blood pH rises
• ‘treatment’
• How does that work?
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00440/bsicklewhatisit.html
Table under this week in Lab Calendar
Hemoglobinopathies
It happens all the time
Genetic Disease 2&3• Mutation is found on Calendar
REMINDERS
• You must make sure that you are using the amino acid change that is provided by the TABLE on the COURSE CALANDER for your analysis of the mutated protein associated with your genetic disease
• If you did not do that last week, fix it now (section 57)
17
How does a codon ‘mean’ an amino acid?
• Find your Genetic Disease 3D on the COURSE CALENDER
• Analyze per the rubric and your prediction from last week
NOW in 3D!!!
20
Other ‘rules’ of folding (for last question on W.S.)
(+)
(-)
How to hydrogen interactions (H-bonds) contribute to alpha-helix and beta-sheet?
http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/sickle-cell-hemoglobin-14456687