Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Religion “Citizens were born into
membership in churches just as they were born into citizenship in countries. From the fourth century on, state churches represented the norm in European Christianity.” (Holmes)
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Native Americans
WWW.LIB.UMICH.EDU/TCP/EEBO/FEATURED/CASAS.HTML
HTTP://ETEXT.LIB.VIRGINIA.EDU/ETCBIN/JAMESTOWN-BROWSE?ID=J1009B
England circa 1600
Religious background
Economic background
Political background
Jamestown 1607http://www.history.com/minisites/jamestownanniversary/
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HTTP://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKI/IMAGE:CAPTAIN_JOHN_SMITH.JPG
1619HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.ORG/ALMANACK/PLACES/HB/CAPPC2.JPG
HTTP://WWW.JAMD.COM/SEARCH?ASSETTYPE=G&ASSETID=56248520&TEXT=JAMESTOWN+SLAVES
Rebellion … 1676 HTTP://WWW.STOCKTON.EDU/~GILMOREW/0COLHIS/SOU22.JPG
THE BURNING OF JAMESTOWN, 1676 1901PYLE, HOWARD(1853-1911 AMERICAN)LITHOGRAPH PRIVATE COLLECTION
The Haves1700s
HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.ORG/ALMANACK/PLACES/HB/HBPAL.CFM
GOVERNOR’S PALACE/ WILLIAMSBURGFINISHED 1722
STRATFORD HALLLEE FAMILY HOME
BUILT 1730
BRUTON PARISH, WILLIAMSBURG
The Parish Anglican majority Required attendance, yet… Fithian description Sabbath represented a day off
for whites and slaves… Reading from Book of Prayer
sanctioned by law…repetition.
BRUTON PARISH
“The appointed set of words, read in the midst of a community ranged in order of precedence, continuously evoked postures of deference and submission. Liturgy and church plan thus readily combined to offer a powerful representation of a structured, hierarchical community.” (Issac)
Plymouth, 1620HTTP://WWW.HISTORYPLACE.COM/UNITEDSTATES/REVOLUTION/REVGFX/MAY-COMPACT.JPG
HTTP://IMAGES.GOOGLE.COM/IMGRES?IMGURL=HTTP://WWW.NEW-ENGLAND-VACATIONS-GUIDE.COM/IMAGES/PLYMOUTH-TRAVEL-MAP.GIF&IMGREFURL=HTTP://WWW.NEW-ENGLAND-VACATIONS-GUIDE.COM/PLIMOTH-PLANTATION.HTML&H=300&W=500&SZ=26&HL=EN&START=3&USG=__NBTM3WSXZ1UYSRECK-F1EQ3_5Z4=&TBNID=CSWRTMX9E0GOVM:&TBNH=78&TBNW=130&PREV=/IMAGES%3FQ%3DPILGRIMS%2BPLYMOUTH%2BMAP%26GBV%3D2%26HL%3DEN%26SAFE%3DSTRICT%26CLIENT%3DDELL-USUK%26CHANNEL%3DUS%26SA%3DG%26AD%3DW5
PuritansHTTP://WWW.HARVARDSQUARELIBRARY.ORG/CHISTORY/IMAGES/34WINTHROP.JPG
HTTP://WWW.BEMENTFAMILY.COM/IMAGES/MASSBAY1630-42.JPG
Puritans Go from persecuted minority
to intolerant majority Quakers Banishment Law Theocracy? 1700 Anglicans arrive
OLD NORTH CHURCH BOSTON
Exceptions to the rule… Rhode Island and Roger Williams Maryland … proprietor Roman Catholic
yet…Toleration Act of 1649
Predates GB’s by 40 years Predates William Penn’s Holy Experiment
Predates the Enlightenment BUT not an act of freedom of religion but of religious tolerance. Difference?
Penn’s Holy Experiment John Adams claimed that PA
contained “Roman Catholics, English Episcopalians, Scotch and American Presbyterians, Methodists, Moravians, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Cerman Calvinists, Universalists, Arians, Priestleyans, Socinans, Independents, Congregationalists,…Deists andAtheists” (Holmes)
AND…
The QuakersARCH STREET FRIENDS
MEETING HOUSE PHILADELPHIA
Salvation from within… through your inward light/conscience/soul … the Divine spark
Step towards power of the individual
Everyone can be saved 1750s no longer the key political
power… have moved to social activism…women play key roles
THE QUESTIONING OF INSTITUTIONS AND TRADITIONS
Enlightenment, Awakenings, Evolving
American Revolutionary creeds and dogma
The Enlightenment Science … Newton and the Natural Laws
of the Universe Deist and Voltaire’s “Supreme Architect” Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding
Use of Reason is the highest Virtue God established divine law and the law can be
discovered through reason. Human mind can be used to understand what God
intended American elite receptive to these ideas. What about the common person?
The Great Awakening 1730s – 1770s Various reasons … Led to waves of revivals Traditional services vs Evangelical
happenings“and therefore a divine revelation must
be a collection of rays of light…” (Samuel Davies’ sermon The Divine Authority of the Christian Religion)
Black and white audiences
George Whitefield Wesleyan Anglican
from GB 1739 – 42 tour from
GA to NE “gales of the heavenly wind” sermons
Crowds of up to 6,000
Media savvy The Spiritual Travels
of Nathan Cole
Jonathan Edwards “Our people do not so much need to have their
heads stored as to have their hearts touched.” and it was a “reasonable thing to endeavor to fright persons away from hell.”
“The bow of god’s wrath is bent and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with you blood.” Sinners in the Hand… (all quotes from text: America)
Yet in 1754 The Freedom of Will …
Imitators abound, spiritual enthusiasm hard to control, revival of traditional
religion takes new direction
Split established churches Natural law led to Unitarianism
and Universalism New style of preaching New colleges in North Missionary movement in the
South
A chance for change… Southern missionaries goal to minister to
slaves as well as the yeoman farmer Slave owners and Anglican Church
defended slavery “as a Providential way for Africans to become Christians” (Boles)
Attack on elites traditional popular culture New Light Separate Baptists Waller’s story… Hierarchical authority vs. Brother and Sister An exception, Robert Carter III’s Deed of Gift
:YEOCOMICO BAPTIST CHURCH
MT. SHILOH BAPTIST CHURCH
Awakening results: Questioning of authority Ignoring the power of C of E
bishops over Anglicans …can lead to same questioning of King
Strengthens the sense of the individual
Intercolonial contact via media
Revolution Influence Virginia’s Declaration of Rights by George
Mason in June 1776 Declaration of Independence by Thomas
Jefferson in July 1776 James Madison’s 1785 Memorial and
Remonstrance against Religious Assessments
Jefferson’s 1786 Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom
United States Constitution
First Amendment Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Wars for Empire
World Wars and the Colonies
King William’s 1689-97 Queen Anne’s 1702-1713 King George’s 1740-48 French and Indian 1754+
or Seven Years War 1756
Colonial Governments Appointed Governors 2 house legislatures with the power
to … Initiate legislation Elect leadership Discipline own members “power of the purse” DISTANCE the key
1713-55 population 1.33 million demand for land 1754 Ben Franklin’s
Albany Plan … “Join or Die”
Treaty of Paris 1763 France is gone! GB gets Canada and east
of Miss.River Spain gets Cuba for
Florida Spain gets west