Post on 28-Mar-2015
transcript
Internet History
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internetHobbes Internet Timeline https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2235
The history of the Internet is the story of people and their ideas, and the projects they worked on.It is not the story of any one person or projectIt is not the story of any single application,
whether electronic mail, remote login, file transfer, the web, video, or machine-to-machine communication
Or even of ICANN or the IANAHowever, many people and projects made
important contributions.This is an attempt at the story
People, ideas, projects, and applications
The original concept: Survivable networks
Leonard Kleinrock wrote on packet switching conceptsSubsequently convinced Larry Roberts to look
at packet switching as an alternative to circuit switching
His logic:If the strength of a chain is that of its weakest
link,Then the strength of a network is the strength
of its last surviving path
1961:
J.C.R. Licklider’s (MIT) "Galactic Network" conceptHe envisioned a globally interconnected set of
computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
“Wouldn’t it be cool if one could walk up to a computer
and find the knowledge of the universe at our fingertips?
1962:
Paul Baran at RAND independently suggested that a packet-based network might be a useful way to build a survivable voice network,
Baran was the one that suggested we call them “packets”. We do.
Also 1962:
Roberts and Merrill connected two computers – and found circuit switched analog telephone inadequate for their purposes
1965:
Larry Roberts, DARPA program manager, started research on the concept of packet networking
1967:
Roberts issued an RFP for research, which was soon awarded to BBN
The network BBN developed, called the ARPANET, had its first node with UCLA and Len KleinrockThe second node was at SRI
The first packet to cross the network went from UCLA to SRI – an attempt to log into a computer
1968:
The RFC Series was originated as a way to share notes among researchers – Steve CrockerThe notes were called “Requests for
Comments” in an attempt to downplay their importance.
Later, vendors would joke that they were “Requirements for Compliance”, e.g., specificationsMany were in fact white papers, thoughts
about what might be – and what might in the end not be - blind alleys…
The ruminations of a a far-flung distributed research laboratory on topics they were just working out
1969:
Synchronous “start/stop” protocol patented 1966
IBM 3780/2780 Binary Synchronous Communication
IBM 3270 Binary Synchronous Communication
HDLC/SDLC development
Context: fledgling communications
Early transmission protocols had crude ways, if any, to identify and recover from errorsMaster/SlavePoll/CallHalf Duplex (two way alternate)
SDLC/HDLC made a giant step forwardFull Duplex (two way simultaneous)Using a sliding window, it could keep data
being transmitted (or retransmitted) in one direction while being acknowledged in the other, and in LAPB, data continuously in transit in both directions.
Sliding Windows
NCP prototyping and deployment on the ARPANET
ALOHA, a satellite network based on random or semi-random transmission
1970:
1972Louis Pouzin invented the datagram:
A packet that contains all necessary state within itself and so depends on no external network state
Operating on a best-effort basis – it may be lost, duplicated, or reordered in flight
Robert Kahn demonstrated the fledgling ARPANET at ICCC
The application that he demonstrated: Ray Tomlinson’s electronic mailkiller@application
Original telnet (remote login) specification (RFC 318)John Postel
Also 1972:
Each distinct network would have to stand on its own: No internal changes could be required to any such network to
connect it to the Internet.Communications would be on a best effort basis.
If a packet didn't make it to the final destination, it would shortly be retransmitted from the source.
Black boxes (IMPs) would be used to connect the networks; These would later be called gateways and routers. Gateways retained no per-flow state, thereby keeping them
simple and avoiding complicated adaptation and recovery from various failure modes.
There would be no global operational control. Sites were by definition autonomous. The only protocols they
had to implement were IP and ICMP, and maybe TCP and UDP
Kahn’s Ground Rules
The original protocol combined the services of what we today call “TCP” and “IP”.
It worked well for file exchange and remote access to time-sharing systems, But not some other applications, for which
application control was more importantThe 1978-1981 update process:
Separated TCP from IPv4 (RFC 791, 792, 793)Added UDP for applications that needed it
Electronic mail, remote login, and file exchange remained the “killer applications” for two decades or more
1973 and on: Kahn/Cerf and TCP
Development of concepts for a random local area network (one that didn’t cross a legal boundary) by Bob Metcalf
That was experimented with at Xerox PARC (PupNet)
Resulted in the DEC, Intel, and Xerox specification for the Ethernet, 1981
Starting in 1973:
BBN Telenet: first commercial packet data service
1974:
January 1, 1983:Cut-over from NCP to TCP/IPv4
1984:Deployment of the Domain name SystemReplaced centrally-managed “hostfile” with a
distributed and recursive system for namingNames originally translated simply to IP
addresses or lists of names of mail servers
Early 1980’s
And then Al Gore…Circa 1984, the junior
senator from Tennessee started discussing his ideas of an “Information Superhighway”.
He had five NSF-sponsored supercomputer centers, and he wanted to connect universities to them
NSF-funded IP networking experiments:CSNET: an X.25 networkUSAN: a wide area
Ethernet network over satellite
56 KBPS NSFNETOther networks:
NASA Science InternetCYCLADESCERN networksBITNET……Got Money
The NSFNET grew dramatically, as universities bought routers and connected first to it and then each otherChanged successively from 56 KBPS to T-1 to T-
3States or other agencies built regional
networks that connected to it: NEARNet, BARRNET, PSINET, NYSERNET, and many others
Regional networks
1990: the ARPANET Core, having become irrelevant after 22
years of operation, was shut down Formation of the IANA at USC/ISIRecognition that IPv4 would eventually run out of
address space – starting work on CIDR and IP Next Generation
Initial formation of Regional Internet RegistriesARIN, RIPE, APNICLACNIC and AfriNIC came later
Succeeding years:Many regional networks in time became commercial
networks.And in turn replaced the NSFNET as the core network
Commercialization of the backbone
These existed in the 1980’s, interconnecting LANs (subnet and host)SNADECNETAppleTalkXNS Internet Transport
XNS 3COM Ungermann-Bass Banyan Vines Novell Netware
MIT ChaosnetSytek NetBIOSothers
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless OSIAddress (NSAP) identifies
network, subnet, and host
IPv4Originally identified
network, subnet, and host
With CIDR (1992), could aggregate networks to identify service providers
Competing network technologiesThese existed and could interconnect companies
Every 3-5 years, the Internet fundamentally changes in the payload it carries 1970-1990: SMTP, FTP, Network News, telnet 1992: World Wide Web, multicast, experimental voice/video 1995: WWW with multiple sessions in parallel, commercial Voice on IP 2000: Peer to Peer file sharing in various forms 2003: Web 2.0 applications like MySpace, Facebook, BitTorrent File Sharing 2008: Cyberlockers replacing file sharing 1990-present: Rise of video in various forms Lately: Map/Reduce and Hadoop – data center distributed applications Next…
Not that old payloads go away: we add new and sometimes dominant payloads in addition to the old
On the commercial backbone, video is becoming dominant, primarily from Content Providers that colocate with an ISP’s POPs or data centers
In private networks (Smart Grid, Health Care, public and private safety, industrial automation) we see distributed telemetry and distributed control.
Changing applications
The structurePerhaps 10,000 networks
offering communication or content services to others
Roughly another 50,000 networks interconnected using BGP routing
Billions of users world-wide
The primary service of the network is connectivity. The Internet thrives on
innovation, and fosters it.
Each distinct network is autonomous
Communications is on a best effort basis.
Routers are used to connect the networks;
There is no global operational control.
The Internet in 2013
Kahn’s principles:
Internet History
http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internetHobbes Internet Timeline https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2235