Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Function:Function: Breathing brings air into the lungs and Breathing brings air into the lungs and

removes waste gasesremoves waste gases Cellular respiration converts oxygen and Cellular respiration converts oxygen and

glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energyglucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

Respiratory systemRespiratory system

Upper and Lower Upper and Lower respiratory tractsrespiratory tracts

FactFact

The surface area of the The surface area of the aveoli in your lungs is aveoli in your lungs is @ 70 square meters, @ 70 square meters, or about the same as or about the same as three lanes of a three lanes of a bowling alley.bowling alley.

Diseases of respiratory systemDiseases of respiratory system

Lung Cancer -3rd Lung Cancer -3rd leading cause of death leading cause of death in men and women in in men and women in the U.S.the U.S.

Emphysema ( causes Emphysema ( causes aveoli to enlarge)aveoli to enlarge)

Asthma (lung Asthma (lung disorder)disorder)

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.from the tissues of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood through Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood through the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.

Oxygen rich blood is moved to all tissues and Oxygen rich blood is moved to all tissues and organs of the body and is called systemic organs of the body and is called systemic circulation. circulation.

Organs of the circulatory Organs of the circulatory systemsystem

HeartHeart VeinsVeins ArteriesArteries CapillariesCapillaries

HeartHeart

Made of cardiac muscle Made of cardiac muscle tissuetissue

Has 4 compartments Has 4 compartments called chambers: two called chambers: two upper are atriums, two upper are atriums, two lower are ventricles.lower are ventricles.

Heart has arteries just and Heart has arteries just and veins just like any other veins just like any other musclemuscle

FactFact

Your heart beats 60-70 Your heart beats 60-70 times per minute. Each times per minute. Each time it pumps 60 mL time it pumps 60 mL of blood. How many of blood. How many mL’s in 24 hours.mL’s in 24 hours.

5184000 mL’s or 5184000 mL’s or 5184 liter bottles.5184 liter bottles.

HeartHeart

When these arteries When these arteries are blocked, it starves are blocked, it starves the heart of oxygen the heart of oxygen and nutrients, resulting and nutrients, resulting in a heart attackin a heart attack

VeinsVeins

Veins carry blood back to Veins carry blood back to the heart.the heart.

Veins have valvesVeins have valves 2 major veins carry return 2 major veins carry return

blood from your body to blood from your body to your heart: the superior your heart: the superior vena cava returns blood vena cava returns blood from your head and the from your head and the inferior vena cava from inferior vena cava from your lower bodyyour lower body

ArteriesArteries

Carry blood away Carry blood away from your heartfrom your heart

Have thick, elastic Have thick, elastic walls made of tissue walls made of tissue and smooth muscleand smooth muscle

CapillariesCapillaries

Microscopic blood Microscopic blood vessels.vessels.

Walls are only one cell Walls are only one cell thickthick

Bloodshot eyesBloodshot eyes Nutrients and oxygen Nutrients and oxygen

diffuse from body diffuse from body cells into capillariescells into capillaries

Blood pressureBlood pressure

The force of the blood The force of the blood against the walls of your against the walls of your blood vessels.blood vessels.

Measured in two numbers: Measured in two numbers: Systolic is the first Systolic is the first

number and measures number and measures your heart pumping.your heart pumping.

Diastolic is the second Diastolic is the second number and measures number and measures pressure that occurs as the pressure that occurs as the ventricles fill with blood ventricles fill with blood before they contract again.before they contract again.

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

Fatty deposits build up Fatty deposits build up on arterial walls. on arterial walls. Eating fatty foods high Eating fatty foods high in cholesterol and in cholesterol and saturated fats can saturated fats can cause these deposits to cause these deposits to form.form.

Not all cholesterol is Not all cholesterol is bad, and is essential bad, and is essential for health.for health.

BloodBlood

Carries oxygen from Carries oxygen from lungs to bodylungs to body

Takes carbon dioxide Takes carbon dioxide awayaway

Carries waste products Carries waste products to kidneysto kidneys

Transports nutrientsTransports nutrients Cells in blood fight Cells in blood fight

infectionsinfections

BloodBlood

Made up of plasma Made up of plasma (55%), mostly water.(55%), mostly water.

Platelets ;help with Platelets ;help with clottingclotting

Red blood cells: made Red blood cells: made at rate of 2-3 million at rate of 2-3 million per second.per second.

White: help fight White: help fight bacteria, viruses, etcbacteria, viruses, etc

Blood TypesBlood Types

4 types4 types A, B, AB, OA, B, AB, O Types A, B, AB have Types A, B, AB have

antigens coating their antigens coating their surface. Rh factorsurface. Rh factor

Wrong type of blood Wrong type of blood will kill youwill kill you

Type “O” is universalType “O” is universal

Diseases of the BloodDiseases of the Blood

Sickle-cell anemiaSickle-cell anemia Anemia is a disease of Anemia is a disease of

the red blood cellsthe red blood cells Leukemia produces Leukemia produces

immature white blood immature white blood cells that don’t fight cells that don’t fight infectionsinfections

FactFact

First blood transfusion First blood transfusion was in early 1800”s.was in early 1800”s.

French physician Jean French physician Jean Baptiste Denis Baptiste Denis successfully used successfully used sheep’s blood. His sheep’s blood. His second patient died.second patient died.

Excretory SystemExcretory System

Includes many Includes many systems such as systems such as digestive, respiratory, digestive, respiratory, skin and urinary skin and urinary system. system.

Each gets rid of waste Each gets rid of waste in its own way.in its own way.

Digestive SystemDigestive System

Food and liquid inFood and liquid in Water and undigested Water and undigested

food outfood out

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Part of excretory Part of excretory systemsystem

Oxygen inOxygen in Carbon dioxide and Carbon dioxide and

water out.water out.

SkinSkin

Part of excretory Part of excretory systemsystem

Salt and some organic Salt and some organic substances outsubstances out

Urinary SystemUrinary System

Water and salts inWater and salts in Excess water, metabolic Excess water, metabolic

wastes and salts out.wastes and salts out. Controls blood volume Controls blood volume

( blood pressure)( blood pressure) Works in conjunction with Works in conjunction with

hypothalmus to balance hypothalmus to balance fluid levels in bloodfluid levels in blood

Organs of Urinary SystemOrgans of Urinary System

Kidneys are bean Kidneys are bean shaped organsshaped organs

Located at back of Located at back of abdomen at @ waist abdomen at @ waist levellevel

Kidney filters blood of Kidney filters blood of waste products, waste products, creates waste product creates waste product called urinecalled urine

KidneysKidneys

All of your blood is All of your blood is filtered through your filtered through your kidneys in about 5 kidneys in about 5 minutes.minutes.

Connected to bladder Connected to bladder through two ducts through two ducts called ureterscalled ureters

Drains urine into your Drains urine into your bladderbladder

BladderBladder

Bladder is where urine Bladder is where urine is held until you is held until you release it.release it.

Bladder is an elastic, Bladder is an elastic, muscular organ that muscular organ that can stretch to hold .5 can stretch to hold .5 liter of urine.liter of urine.

Avg. human produces Avg. human produces @ 1 liter of urine daily@ 1 liter of urine daily

Diseases of the Urinary SystemDiseases of the Urinary System

A person can live A person can live normally with one normally with one kidneykidney

If both kidneys fail, a If both kidneys fail, a person must use a person must use a dialysis machine to dialysis machine to filter wastes out of the filter wastes out of the blood; or else you blood; or else you would die. would die.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Skeletal systemSkeletal system Function:Function: Shape and supportShape and support Produces red blood cellsProduces red blood cells Stores mineralsStores minerals Protect organs and soft Protect organs and soft

tissuetissue At birth you 300 bonesAt birth you 300 bones As an adult 206 bonesAs an adult 206 bones

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Over 600 muscles in Over 600 muscles in your bodyyour body

Control movementControl movement Voluntary muscles: Voluntary muscles:

you choose to move you choose to move themthem

Involuntary: heartInvoluntary: heart

MusclesMuscles

3 types3 types Skeletal: attached to Skeletal: attached to

bones to help you bones to help you movemove

Cardiac: heartCardiac: heart Smooth: intestines, Smooth: intestines,

bladder, blood vessels, bladder, blood vessels, internal organsinternal organs

Nervous SystemNervous System

Responds to stimuli to Responds to stimuli to maintain homeostasismaintain homeostasis

Central nervous is Central nervous is your brain and spinal your brain and spinal cord.cord.

Peripheral nervous Peripheral nervous system is all the system is all the nerves other than the nerves other than the CNSCNS

BrainBrain

Three main parts:Three main parts: CerebrumCerebrum CerebellumCerebellum Brain stemBrain stem You also have a left You also have a left

and right halfand right half

BrainBrain

Your brain contains @ Your brain contains @ 100 billion neurons100 billion neurons

Cerebrum: interprets Cerebrum: interprets input from sensesinput from senses

Controls movementControls movement Responsible for Responsible for

learning and memorylearning and memory

BrainBrain

CerebellumCerebellum Responsible for Responsible for

coordinating your coordinating your muscles and balancemuscles and balance

Keeps you from Keeps you from falling down when falling down when you walkyou walk

BrainBrain

Brain stemBrain stem Controls involuntary Controls involuntary

actions such as actions such as breathing and breathing and heartbeatheartbeat

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Endocrine system Endocrine system produces chemicals produces chemicals that control many of that control many of the body’s daily the body’s daily activities as well as activities as well as long term changes long term changes such as growth and such as growth and developmentdevelopment

EndocrineEndocrine

Endocrine system Endocrine system made up of glandsmade up of glands

Glands produce Glands produce hormoneshormones

Hormones are Hormones are chemicals that turn chemicals that turn off, turn on or speed off, turn on or speed up, slow down the up, slow down the activities of organs activities of organs and tissuesand tissues

EndocrineEndocrine

Each gland produces a Each gland produces a different hormone different hormone responsible for a responsible for a different task. Adrenal different task. Adrenal glands produce glands produce adrenalineadrenaline

Testes produce Testes produce testosteronetestosterone

Ovaries produce Ovaries produce estrogenestrogen

Immune SystemImmune System

Body has 3 lines of Body has 3 lines of defense: skin, defense: skin, breathing passages, breathing passages, mouth and stomach.mouth and stomach.

Pathogens land on Pathogens land on skin and most are skin and most are destroyed by destroyed by chemicals in oil and chemicals in oil and sweat.sweat.

ImmuneImmune

Pathogens get through Pathogens get through skin usually only skin usually only when there is break in when there is break in skin: a scab quickly skin: a scab quickly forms to protect forms to protect pathway.pathway.

ImmuneImmune

Breathing: pathogens Breathing: pathogens enter but are trapped enter but are trapped and destroyed by and destroyed by mucus layer. Cilia in mucus layer. Cilia in nose move nose move accumulated material accumulated material out.out.

ImmuneImmune

Pathogens found in Pathogens found in food are destroyed food are destroyed first by saliva, and first by saliva, and then by powerful acids then by powerful acids in stomachin stomach

““T” Cells & “B”CellsT” Cells & “B”Cells

T- cells identify T- cells identify pathogens by pathogens by identifying a chemical identifying a chemical marker on the marker on the pathogen called an pathogen called an antigenantigen

Some T cells attack Some T cells attack pathogen; others pathogen; others activate B cells.activate B cells.

ImmuneImmune

B-cells are called B-cells are called lymphocytes and lymphocytes and produce proteins produce proteins called antibodies. called antibodies. When antibodies bind When antibodies bind to the antigens on a to the antigens on a pathogen, they mark it pathogen, they mark it for destruction by for destruction by phagocytes.phagocytes.

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction involves the production of involves the production of eggs by the female and eggs by the female and sperm by the male, which sperm by the male, which join together during join together during fertilization.fertilization.

Each sex cell (egg or Each sex cell (egg or sperm) contains half (23) sperm) contains half (23) of the chromosomes of the chromosomes required. (46 for humans)required. (46 for humans)

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Parts and pieces:Parts and pieces: Testes, scrotum, and penisTestes, scrotum, and penis Testes - produce sperm; Testes - produce sperm;

also produce the hormone, also produce the hormone, testosterone.testosterone.

Scrotum: external pouch Scrotum: external pouch that hold testesthat hold testes

Penis: external organPenis: external organ

Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system

Role is to produce eggs Role is to produce eggs and if fertilized, nourish and if fertilized, nourish young until birth.young until birth.

Parts and pieces: ovaries, Parts and pieces: ovaries, uterus and vaginauterus and vagina

Ovaries produce eggsOvaries produce eggs Uterus: hollow muscular Uterus: hollow muscular

organ the size of a pearorgan the size of a pear Vagina: muscular Vagina: muscular

passageway; birth canalpassageway; birth canal