Human Body Systems

SystemsHomeostasis

For each system…

• Know the job of the whole system• Know the organs that make the system• Know the job of each organ

Circulatory System

• Job: Pump blood moving nutrients and oxygen through body, remove carbon dioxide and waste.

• Parts:– Heart – Muscle that pumps blood– Arteries and veins – main paths from and to heart– Capillaries –where exchange of materials happens– Kidney & Liver – Filter/Clean the blood

Nervous System

• Job: Control all body functions by receiving and sending nerve impulses

• Parts– Brain - Control center, Regulates everything– Spinal Cord – Main path from the brain branches

to rest of the body– Neurons – Nerve cells, long shape to pass

electrochemical messages

Respiratory System

• Job: Bring in Oxygen; Breath out CO2• Parts– Nose: Clean/moisten/prepare air– Pharynx: back of your mouth/throat– Larynx: Make your voice– Trachea: windpipe, for air, not food– Bronchi: split to each lung– Alveoli: small sacks that make the lungs. Where

the actual diffusion of O and CO2 happens.

Digestive system

• Job: Break down food• Parts:– Mouth: chew and start digesting (saliva)– Esophagus: connection to stomach– Stomach: Acids that liquefy and mix up food– Small intestine: absorbs nutrients into blood– Large intestine: absorbs water (leaving poop)

Muscle&Skeletal Systems

• Jobs: Movement and shape, protect organs• Parts– Muscles: connect to bones by tendons– Bones: give protection and make blood cells inside– Ligaments: connect bones at joints– Cartilage: smooth ends of bones

Homeostasis

• The act of keeping things in a balanced state that is needed for body to work properly

• Example– Body temperature: shivering and sweating– Hydration: Kidneys removing water from blood– Sugar: balancing blood sugar in diabetes

Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. Which of the following happens as a result of decreased liver function?

A. Carbon dioxide builds up in the liver.

B. Toxic compounds build up in the blood. C. The kidneys take over the functions of the liver. D. The stomach produces the enzymes needed for

digestion.

Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. Which of the following happens as a result of decreased liver function?

B. Toxic compounds build up in the blood.

Job of Liver : Clean the blood

The diagram below shows one response pathway the human body uses to control blood pressure.

Which body systems work together in this response pathway to control blood pressure?

A. digestive and nervous

B. nervous and circulatory C. respiratory and digestive D. circulatory and excretory

The diagram below shows one response pathway the human body uses to control blood pressure.

Which body systems work together in this response pathway to control blood pressure?

B. nervous and circulatory

Brain (Nervous)Blood/Heart (circulatory)

In the human respiratory system, the contraction and relaxation of a muscle called the diaphragm helps move air through which of the following structures?

A. artery, capillary, and vein

B. larynx, pharynx, and trachea C. atrium, trachea, and ventricle D. esophagus, kidney, and pharynx

In the human respiratory system, the contraction and relaxation of a muscle called the diaphragm helps move air through which of the following structures?

B. larynx, pharynx, and trachea

You may not know them in order, but the other answers all have parts that are not in the respiratory system!!!!

In which part of the human digestive system do both physical breakdown and chemical breakdown of food first begin?

A. esophagus

B. mouth C. large intestine D. small intestine

In which part of the human digestive system do both physical breakdown and chemical breakdown of food first begin?

B. mouth

You start eating/digesting with the mouth. You knew that right???

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in the human body. As a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine is directly responsible for which of the following?

A. speeding up the rate of biochemical reactions in cells

B. assisting in the transport of nutrients in the bloodstream

C. carrying the signal for a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next

D. facilitating diffusion of amino acids across the plasma membrane of cells

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in the human body. As a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine is directly responsible for which of the following?

C. carrying the signal for a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next

Neurons are nerve cells. The send electrochemical messages

Which term describes the maintenance of a steady internal state in the body?

A. gametogenesis

B. homeostasis C. mitosis D. respiration

Which term describes the maintenance of a steady internal state in the body?

B. homeostasis Homeostasis is keeping balance in the body

A biological process is represented in the diagram below.Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by the diagram? A. Crossing-over creates new genetic diversity in

gametes. B. Mitosis increases the number of chromosomes in

zygote cells. C. In asexual reproduction, the offspring produced

are genetically identical to the parent. D. In sexual reproduction, the offspring receive the

same number of chromosomes from each parent.

A biological process is represented in the diagram below.Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by the diagram? D. In sexual reproduction, the offspring receive the

same number of chromosomes from each parent.

Reproduction (think genetics)!!

Crohn’s disease causes inflammation of the digestive tract, particularly the small intestine. Inflammation of the small intestine would directly interfere with which of the following digestive functions?

A. liquefying food

B. reabsorbing water C. absorbing nutrients D. moving food to the stomach

Crohn’s disease causes inflammation of the digestive tract, particularly the small intestine. Inflammation of the small intestine would directly interfere with which of the following digestive functions?

C. absorbing nutrients

Small intestine job : absorb nutrients

An EEG is a medical instrument that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain. The brain’s electrical activity is directly caused by which of the following?

A. production of ATP

B. synthesis of hormones C. repair of damaged tissue D. transmission of nerve impulses

An EEG is a medical instrument that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain. The brain’s electrical activity is directly caused by which of the following?

D. transmission of nerve impulses

Brain send messages through neurons or nerves

Scientists are researching a way to regenerate cartilage. In a lab, cartilage-forming cells are grown on a synthetic carbon surface.

If continued trials are successful, the synthetic surface can be applied to which of the following areas in the human body to treat cartilage damage or loss?

A. muscle fibers B. major arteries C. the ends of bones D. the axons of nerve cells

Scientists are researching a way to regenerate cartilage. In a lab, cartilage-forming cells are grown on a synthetic carbon surface.

If continued trials are successful, the synthetic surface can be applied to which of the following areas in the human body to treat cartilage damage or loss?

C. the ends of bones

Cartilage covers ends of bones, makes them smooth

Joints are most important for which of the following functions of the human skeletal system?

A. protection

B. movement C. storage of minerals D. blood cell formation

Joints are most important for which of the following functions of the human skeletal system?

B. movement

Joints include knee, elbow etc. Anywhere two bones meet.

Degenerative nerve diseases destroy nerve cells. These diseases can lead to paralysis by interfering with which of the following?

A. transport of hormones that stimulate muscle cells

B. production of ATP that is required by muscle cells

C. transmission of electrochemical signals from the brain to muscle cells

D. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between neurons and muscle cells

Degenerative nerve diseases destroy nerve cells. These diseases can lead to paralysis by interfering with which of the following?

C. transmission of electrochemical signals from the brain to muscle cells

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the kidneys and the liver to the circulatory system?

A. The kidneys and the liver pump blood.

B. The kidneys and the liver produce blood cells. C. The kidneys and the liver remove wastes from

blood. D. The kidneys and the liver make blood-clotting

proteins.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the kidneys and the liver to the circulatory system?

C. The kidneys and the liver remove wastes from blood.

Kidney and Liver Jobs : Clean blood

The nose serves all the following functions except

A. providing an airway. B. moistening inhaled air. C. filtering dust and particles from inhaled air. D. transferring oxygen from the air to the

bloodstream.

The nose serves all the following functions except

D. transferring oxygen from the air to the bloodstream.

This happens in the alveoli, all other answers were jobs of the nose.

A person who is cold shivers to generate body heat. Which of the following lists the primary body systems that interact to maintain homeostasis in this situation?

A. nervous, excretory, and respiratory

B. excretory, digestive, and respiratory C. digestive, muscular, and circulatory D. muscular, circulatory, and nervous

A person who is cold shivers to generate body heat. Which of the following lists the primary body systems that interact to maintain homeostasis in this situation?

D. muscular, circulatory, and nervous

Nerves send message to muscles to move, blood brings food to muscles for movement also absorbs spreads heat from muscle contraction

Which of the following body systems provides protection for structures A and C?

A. circulatory system

B. muscular system C. nervous system D. skeletal system

Which of the following body systems provides protection for structures A and C?

D. skeletal system

You can’t see the pictures A and C, but you should know bones (skull, ribs) protect you

Structure D is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has both nervous and endocrine functions.

In which of the following ways does nervous system communication differ from endocrine system communication?

A. The nervous system uses electrochemical signals for communication, whereas the endocrine system uses hormones.

B. Nervous system communication occurs slowly, whereas endocrine system communication occurs quickly.

C. The nervous system sends messages along myelinated axons to communicate, whereas the endocrine system sends messages along unmyelinated axons.

D. Nervous system communication controls only voluntary functions, whereas endocrine system communication controls only involuntary functions.

Structure D is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has both nervous and endocrine functions.

In which of the following ways does nervous system communication differ from endocrine system communication?

A. The nervous system uses electrochemical signals for communication, whereas the endocrine system uses hormones.

Which of the following statements applies to all forms of sexual reproduction?

A. All offspring from a mating look exactly the same.

B. Offspring receive genetic material from two gametes.

C. Offspring completely develop inside the mother’s body before birth.

D. All offspring are born with their organs and senses fully developed.

Which of the following statements applies to all forms of sexual reproduction?

B. Offspring receive genetic material from two

gametes.

Need 2 for sex, sperm and egg!

Which of the following is a body system response that adjusts body temperature when it is higher than normal?

A. Breathing rate begins to decrease.

B. Blood vessels near the skin constrict. C. Sweat glands produce and secrete sweat. D. Hormones increase the metabolic rate of the

liver.

Which of the following is a body system response that adjusts body temperature when it is higher than normal?

C. Sweat glands produce and secrete sweat.

When you are hot, you sweat!!!

Heartburn is pain that occurs when acidic gastric juice is forced out of the upper end of the stomach. In which of the following organs does a person experience heartburn?

A. pancreas

B. esophagus C. small intestine D. large intestine

Heartburn is pain that occurs when acidic gastric juice is forced out of the upper end of the stomach. In which of the following organs does a person experience heartburn?

B. esophagus Esophagus job : connect mouth to stomach. It is

above the stomach

Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?

A. The diaphragm draws oxygen into the alveoli at a rapid speed.

B. Alveoli cells contain hemoglobin to transfer gases to the blood.

C. The concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood.

D. Red blood cells move one at a time through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?

C. The concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood.

Things diffuse from high to low

Which of the following statements best explains why offspring produced by sexual reproduction often look similar to, but not exactly the same as, their parents?

A. The offspring have genetic material from both the mother and the father.

B. The cells of the offspring contain all the dominant genes from the parents.

C. The cells of the offspring undergo mitosis many times as the offspring grow and develop.

D. The offspring have a period of embryonic development, rather than being born immediately after fertilization.

Which of the following statements best explains why offspring produced by sexual reproduction often look similar to, but not exactly the same as, their parents?

A. The offspring have genetic material from both the mother and the father.

½ from mom. ½ from dad. Need both for sex

In which of the following ways does perspiring help the body to maintain homeostasis?

A. by decreasing body temperature

B. by increasing blood sugar levels C. by increasing the amount of fluid in the body D. by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in cells

In which of the following ways does perspiring help the body to maintain homeostasis?

A. by decreasing body temperature

Sweating (perspiration) cools you down, brings balance to your body temperature (homeostasis)

The digestive system of most birds includes a structure called the gizzard. The gizzard crushes and grinds food, often with the help of small stones that the bird has swallowed.

Which of the following structures in the human digestive system has a function most similar to that of a bird’s gizzard?

A. esophagus B. large intestine C. small intestine D. teeth

The digestive system of most birds includes a structure called the gizzard. The gizzard crushes and grinds food, often with the help of small stones that the bird has swallowed.

Which of the following structures in the human digestive system has a function most similar to that of a bird’s gizzard?

D. teeth

If you read it, this was easy!!!Your teeth crush food!!! You knew that right???

The circulatory system is directly responsible for which of the following?

A. breaking down food

B. transmitting nerve impulses C. transporting nutrients to cells D. controlling movement of muscles

The circulatory system is directly responsible for which of the following?

C. transporting nutrients to cells

Blood carries Oxygen and food to all cells

What is the name of the connective tissue that joins skeletal muscle to bones?

A. cartilage

B. ligaments C. neurons D. tendons

What is the name of the connective tissue that joins skeletal muscle to bones?

D. tendons

Tendons Job : connect muscle to bone

Nerve cells use which of the following to communicate with each other?

A. antibodies B. electrochemical signals C. enzymes D. simple sugars

Nerve cells use which of the following to communicate with each other?

B. electrochemical signals Nerve cell (Neurons) job: send electrochemical

signals

Which of the following statements best compares sensory neuron function and motor neuron function in the human body?

A. Sensory neurons are voluntarily controlled, whereas motor neurons are involuntarily controlled.

B. Sensory neurons respond to light and sound stimuli, whereas motor neurons respond to touch stimuli.

C. Sensory neurons send signals to motor neurons, whereas motor neurons send signals to the central nervous system.

D. Sensory neurons send signals to the central nervous system, whereas motor neurons receive signals from the central nervous system.

Which of the following statements best compares sensory neuron function and motor neuron function in the human body?

D. Sensory neurons send signals to the central

nervous system, whereas motor neurons receive signals from the central nervous system.

Shelly and Jason are siblings, but Shelly looks like their father while Jason looks like their mother. Which of the following statements best explains the difference in Shelly’s and Jason’s features?

A. Shelly inherited a greater number of chromosomes from their father than Jason did.

B. Shelly inherited a smaller number of X chromosomes from their mother than Jason did.

C. Shelly and Jason had different mutations occur in the 46 chromosomes they inherited from their mother and father.

D. Shelly and Jason inherited different combinations of 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father.

Shelly and Jason are siblings, but Shelly looks like their father while Jason looks like their mother. Which of the following statements best explains the difference in Shelly’s and Jason’s features?

D. Shelly and Jason inherited different combinations

of 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father.

Think Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis!

High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger which of the following responses in the body?

A. an increase in the rate of digestion B. an increase in the rate of breathing C. a decrease in the speed of the pulse D. a decrease in the production of sweat

High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger which of the following responses in the body?

B. an increase in the rate of breathing

Carbon Dioxide is linked to the respiratory system (what we breathe out as waste)

Emphysema is a severe respiratory system disease. The disease causes damage that directly prevents the transfer of oxygen to the bloodstream.

Which part of the respiratory system does emphysema damage?

A. alveoli B. bronchi C. larynx D. trachea

Emphysema is a severe respiratory system disease. The disease causes damage that directly prevents the transfer of oxygen to the bloodstream.

Which part of the respiratory system does emphysema damage?

A. alveoli

Alveoli are the tiny sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through diffusion

Which of the following organs removes extra water from the blood to keep the amount of fluid in the bloodstream at the proper level?

A. kidneys B. liver C. pancreas D. stomach

Which of the following organs removes extra water from the blood to keep the amount of fluid in the bloodstream at the proper level?

A. kidneys

Kidneys remove water and waste from the blood to make urine.

The diagram below shows the locationsof the pituitary gland and the kidneysin the human body.

The pituitary gland can release asubstance into the bloodstream thatsignals target cells in the kidneys toreabsorb more water. The releasedsubstance is an example of

A. an enzyme. B. a hormone. C. a neurotransmitter. D. a vitamin.

The diagram below shows the locationsof the pituitary gland and the kidneysin the human body.

The pituitary gland can release asubstance into the bloodstream thatsignals target cells in the kidneys toreabsorb more water. The releasedsubstance is an example of

B. a hormone.Hormones are chemical messengers sent through the

blood

Which of the following is a correct order in which air moves through the human respiratory system when a person inhales?

A. nose, larynx, trachea, pharynx, bronchi, lungs B. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs C. pharynx, bronchi, nose, larynx, trachea, lungs D. pharynx, nose, trachea, bronchi, larynx, lungs

Which of the following is a correct order in which air moves through the human respiratory system when a person inhales?

B. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Starting with the “nose” is obvious, from their try to recognize the correct path in the respiratory system

In sexual reproduction, what is the source of the genetic material in a zygote?

A. an egg cell only B. a sperm cell only C. an egg cell and a sperm cell D. an egg cell and a polar body

In sexual reproduction, what is the source of the genetic material in a zygote?

C. an egg cell and a sperm cell

Sexual reproduction means 2 are necessary (sperm and egg)

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A. to digest proteins B. to absorb nutrients C. to break down complex carbohydrates D. to remove water from undigested waste

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

D. to remove water from undigested waste

The large intestine job : removes the water, leaving behind only the waste (poop)

Capillaries are part of which body system?

A. skeletal system B. nervous system C. digestive system D. circulatory system

Capillaries are part of which body system?

D. circulatory system

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arteries to veins.

Which of the following is one of the functions of the human skeleton?

A. producing hormones B. bringing gases into the body C. removing waste from the body D. providing a site for blood cell formation

Which of the following is one of the functions of the human skeleton?

D. providing a site for blood cell formation

The main function of the skeletal system is protection, however inside the bones, in the marrow, is where blood cells are made.

Which of the following is the best example of an organism maintaining homeostasis?

A. a wolf panting after a chase B. a spider catching an insect in a web C. a cricket becoming infected by a virus D. a mole digging tunnels in the ground

Which of the following is the best example of an organism maintaining homeostasis?

A. a wolf panting after a chase

The panting is a way of cooling the body down after the activity in a chase would cause it to rise.

Which of the following is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A. axonB. neuron

C. red blood cell D. white blood cell

Which of the following is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

B. neuron

Nerve cells are called “Neurons”.

• Review the flashcards in the links section!!!