Human Genome Project- established to determine DNA sequence

of humans.- useful in locating genes and curing

disorders.ExampleGene Therapy- replacing faulty gene with

the correct gene.

- accomplished by using viruses to deliver

genes into cells.- currently experimental

DNA Technology

Normal Gene

Engineered Virus

Gene Therapy

Bone Marrow Cell Nucleu

sChromosomes

Genetic EngineeringDone 2 ways:

1. Selective Breeding- allows desired traits to breed together.

ExampleA. Hybridization

- crossing organisms with different traits

- helps bring out the best traitsB. Inbreeding (true-breeding)

- crossing organism with similar traits

- maintains the desired trait

Dog Breeds(selective breeding)

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Copying DNA►Polymerase Chain Reaction►Also called PCR ►A method of making many

copies of a piece of DNA

2. DNA Manipulation- the copying, cutting, identifying, and

transplanting of DNA

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Steps in Copying DNA

●A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube

●DNA polymerase that works at high temp’s is added

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Steps in Copying DNA

►The DNA is heated to separate the two strands

►Primers, short pieces of complementary DNA, are added

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Copying DNA●The tube is cooled,

and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

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PCR

Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting

sample

Gel Electrophoresis- process of separating DNA fragments for identificationSTEPS1. DNA Extraction

- DNA pulled out by cell fractionation in a

centrifuge.

2. DNA cut into fragments- Restrictive Enzymes cut DNA at

specific locations.

* DNA is too large to analyze all together

Restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments.

Use of Restriction Enzymes

3. DNA Analysis

a. Fragments placed in a porous gel.b. Electric current is applied to gel.

- opposite sides become (+) & (-)c. (-) charged DNA moves towards (+)

end of gel.d. Short fragments move farther than

long fragments leaving bands.e. Position of bands is specific to each

person.

Gel Electrophoresis

DNA Fingerprints

Uses of Genetic Technology

1. DNA Fingerprinting

- DNA samples from blood, hair, etc. are identified by gel electrophoresis.

- used to solve crimes by comparing DNA from

a crime scene with suspect’s DNA.

2. Transgenic Organisms- implanting genes from one species

into another species.

Examplea. Microorganisms

- bacteria can produce human insulin using

human genes.

b. Animals- mice are given human genes and

studied.- farm animals are given genes to

produce extra growth hormones.

c. Plants- genes for natural insecticides can be placed into crop plants.- genes that make vitamins can be added to plants.

- Genetically Modified Organism- organism w/ altered genes to produce a desired affect.

Tobacco plant with a lightning bug gene.

3. Cloning-creating a genetically identical

organism from a single body cell.(+) useful in producing transgenic

organisms and saving endangered species

(-) many cloned animals suffer from defects

Body Cell

Egg Cell

Surrogate MomClone