Post on 01-Apr-2015
transcript
Human Memory Adapts to Patterns of Information Use and
Why (maybe) LarKC Should Too
Lael Schooler
Simple Heuristics
• Shaped by human abilities– Vision, Hearing, Attention, Memory, ...
• Cognitive Processes– Frugal: use little information– Fast: do little integration
• Ecologically Rational– Bet on environmental structure
• Adaptive Toolbox– Selection of Strategies (reinforcment Learning)– Joerg Rieskamp
• A set of questions to ask
Take Home Message• Patterns of information use looks similar across domains
– Language• Speech to children• New York Times Headlines
– Social Contact• Email• Face to face
• We are likely to find similar patterns of information use in our case studies – Driving Behavior– Document access
• ACT-R’s Memory model (Activation Equations) learn to reflect these patterns of information use
• One flavor of Activation in LarKC’s retrieval experiments in WP 2 will take this approach– Can they scale?– Simpler better?
ACT-R• Adaptive Control of Thought Rational• An Integrated Theory of Cognition• Anderson and colleagues (1973-present)
– A couple hundred papers• My home town (CMU) • A framework to develop heuristics
• A source of core capacities• Easily implement take-the-best, etc
• Ecologically Rational
Subsymboliclocal
connectionistSelection
& Retrieval
Production Memory
Procedural Memory Modeled with Productions
Declarative Memory
RenoActivation: 0.5
ChicagoActivation: 2
New YorkActivation: 3
1 + 1 = 2Activation: 2.6
Rational analysis of memory
• Retrieve relevant information• For each item in memory, make a Bayesian estimate of
the probability that it will be useful in the present context.• Automatic• Basically Google + sensitivity to time
Anderson (1990)Anderson & Schooler (1991, 2000)
Schooler & Anderson (1997)
Rational Analysis of Memory and Functional Forgetting
Effects of Retention Interval on Memory Performance
Environmental Analysis
• Study informational demands of the environment– Match between memory and environment
• Do diverse domains share statistical structure?– language
• Speech to children• New York Times headlines
– social contacts• Distribution of email authors
Anderson & Schooler (1991, 2000)Schooler & Anderson (1997)
Sj senate
p(senate) = .015 p(senate/j) p(senate/j)
p(senate) measure .48 19.4 j veto .46 18.6 bill .38 15.3 votes .35 14.3
Combined Effects of Recency & Context
Speech New York Times
Combined Effects of Frequency & Recency
Human Social Contact
• Thorsten Pachur– University of Basel
• 10 participants• 100 Day Diary Study • Social contact was defined
– as all face-to-face or phone conversations lasting at least five minutes
– all electronic and other written communication of at least 100 words in length.
Recency Effects in Social Contacts
Driving Behavior Real Time City Case Study
• To what extent do our movments through the world share statistical structure with language and social contact?
Method
Data
• about 200 Subjects (1 car & 1 driver)
• one gps read every six minutes
• 2177817 total reads
• 1 x 1 Kilometer grid
Austin
Recency Effects in Driving
0
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.3
0 7 14 21 28
P(visit)
days since last visit
SE= +- .001
Recency Effects in Document Access
Recker & Pitkow, "Predicting Document Access in Large Multimedia Repositories." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3, no. 4 (1996): 352-375.
ACT-R Activation Equations
How a record’s activation grows and fades
n
k
dki tB
1
ln
How a record’s activation grows and fades
n
k
dki tB
1
ln
Sj senate
p(senate) = .015 p(senate/j) p(senate/j)
p(senate) measure .48 19.4 j veto .46 18.6 bill .38 15.3 votes .35 14.3
Ai Bi W jS jijC
Association to Context
Retrieval & Selection
• Estimate the probability (log-odds) that a RDF-Triple is needed in Reasoning/Deciding phase as a function of frequency, recency, spacing, and association to elements of the querry and method used
• Parameterize and Test whether ACT-R’s activation equations adequately model these probabilities
• Incorporate ACT-R’s base activation into other measures of association (e.g., semantic space model, Quantum Semantics, etc)
Ai Bi W jS jijC
Document Access
Recker & Pitkow, "Predicting Document Access in Large Multimedia Repositories."ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3, no. 4 (1996): 352-375.
Combined Effects of Recency & Context
Take Home Message• Patterns of information use looks similar across domains
– Language• Speech to children• New York Times Headlines
– Social Contact• Email• Face to face
• We are likely to find similar patterns of information use in our case studies – Driving Behavior– Document access
• ACT-R’s Memory model (Activation Equations) learn to reflect these patterns of information use
• One flavor of Activation in LarKC’s retrieval experiments in WP 2 will take this approach– Can they scale?– Simpler better?
end