Post on 02-Nov-2014
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Psychology
MemoryMemory is an organism's ability to store,
retain, and recall information and experiences
Theories of Memory
Theory of General Memory Functions
Information Processing Theory Theory by Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Theory of General Memory Functions
3 Basic Memory functions
Information Processing Theories
Memory works in three stages
Output or Information
Step by step process
Input from sensory organs
Theory by Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin Most widely used theory
Levels Of Processing Theories Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Incoming Information is analyzed in various levels of analysis.
Better the analysis, better the memory.
Processing will be automatic unless attention is focused on a particular level
Sensory Register
Very Brief Storage of Information by Our Sensory Channels. Information Stored is lost very fast
Example:- Visual Sensory Register holds information
of 11 to 16 items for only one second. Auditory Register holds in formation for 4
or 5 seconds
Short –Term Memory A memory which can hold information from
sensory register for about 30 seconds and which has less storage capacity, depending upon :-
The state of the brain
Flow of information
Emotional State
Rehearsal The process of rehearsal consists of
keeping items of information in The Center OF Attention, by repeating them silently or aloud or by writing.
The amount of rehearsal determines the time for which the Information is held in the memory.
Previously, continuous rehearsal also called “Maintenance Rehearsal” was responsible for retaining memory.
Modern theories suggest that
“Elaborative Rehearsal” helps in retaining Memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal :- Giving the information a meaning, so to ease the process of retaining
Long Term Memory Memory which has no specific time limit
for storing information. It can be weeks, months, or years or even lifetime. It has no limit in terms of storage capacity.
Semantic
Episodic
Semantic memory The brain stores information about words,
what they look like and represent, and how they are used in an organized way
Episodic memory Episodic memory is a form of memory
which allows someone to recall events of personal importance.
Tip of the tongue The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon
refers to the experience of feeling confident that one knows an answer, yet is unable to produce the word.
Encoding & Storing Long Term Memories Encoding for long term storage requires
Special attention
Role of imagery Imagery is simply the formation of any mental
pictures
Example: trying to remember a phone number by repeating it in your head is a common method, but what might enhance your processing of the information might be to use imagery - maybe visualize the numbers being written on a chalk board. This allows you to create a mental picture of the numbers that may be processed more completely
Role of constructive process During encoding, to be remembered information
epically if it is a complex life event or something which you have read.
“The driver of the car was seen drinking before he was involved in an accident”
Memory Retrieval Once information has been encoded and
stored in memory, it must be retrieved in order to be used. There are four basic ways in which information can be pulled from long-term memory
Recall Recollection Recognition Relearning
Recall & Recollection Recall: This type of
memory retrieval involves being able to access the information without being cued
Recollection: This type of memory retrieval involves reconstructing memory, often utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narratives or clues
Recognition & Relearning Recognition: This
type of memory retrieval involves identifying information after experiencing it again.
Relearning: This type of memory retrieval involves relearning information that has been previously learned
Amnesia Amnesia from the Greek word Ἀμνησία is
a condition in which memory is disturbed or lost. A memory disorder which resulting in loss of what has been already stored or an In-ability to retrieve stored information.
Physiological Amnesia An Amnesia caused without any physical
force, brain disorder or biological malfunctioning in the body.
Child hood Amnesia
Dream Amnesia
Defensive Amnesia
Biological Amnesia Concussions from blows to the head, other
damage to the brain, temporary disturbances in the brains blood supply, certain drugs and brain diseases are causes of amnesia and fall under biological amnesia
Transient global amnesia
Drug induced amnesia
Brain diseases