Post on 16-Jul-2015
transcript
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Drive with care – everyone wears
a seatbelt … EVERYONE!
• Safe Speed - Always Under Control
• Stop at Red Lights … STOP!
• Remain Seated and Belted While in Motion
• Protect the Roadway/Scene
Public Safety is our Duty
Firefighter Safety is our Responsibility
EVERYONE GOES HOME!
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Program Objectives
• Document the hazards presented to Emergency
Responders on or near the roadway
• Summarize the actions necessary to improve
responder safety at roadway incidents
• Correlate the strategies of the National Unified
Goal for Traffic Incident Management with
actions that will improve responder safety at
roadway incidents
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Program Objectives
• Recommend appropriate PPE for emergency
responders operating at roadway incidents
• Develop an incident action plan for a roadway
incident that includes a safety plan, proper
apparatus placement and the appropriate
deployment of temporary traffic control measures
• Facilitate the implementation of best practices for
roadway incidents within the participant’s agency or
jurisdiction
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Course Goal
To present the necessary classroominstruction and evaluation of learning for
emergency service personnel who may beinvolved in highway incidents.
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Definition of Highway
• Any roadway on which a vehicle-related incident
could occur
• This could include interstate, suburban, rural, dirt
and other roadways
• Anywhere a vehicle could travel
For this course, the term “highway” refers to:
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Understanding Risk
Risk Control Process
• Identify the risks
• Evaluate and prioritize the risks
• Identify risk control measures
• Implement controls
• Monitor the results
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What is Risk Control?
Any conscious effort, action (or decision
not to act) that reduces the frequency,
severity or unpredictability of accidental
losses.
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Risk Avoidance
• Just don’t do it
• Will absolutely reduce risks
• Not practical for emergency services
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Risk Reduction
• Develop steps to reduce the known risks
• Develop (and enforce) SOPs/SOGs• Response to highway incidents
• Working along roadways
• Setting up temporary traffic control zones
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Understanding Risk
The difference between a near-miss or a
loss is seconds and inches (luck).
“Don’t let extreme luck
feed bad behavior”
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Comprehensive Highway Safety
• Classroom instruction
• Initial training, orientation, drills / table top
• Testing and evaluation
Program
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Objectives
• Describe the roles and responsibilities related to
personal safety at highway incident scenes
• Recognize the factors that contribute to the
incidence of highway emergency worker injury and
death
• Discuss the impact of injuries and deaths to
emergency service workers
• Explain the rationale for changing the attitude of
emergency workers at highway incidents
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Perspective
• Reflect on your first emergency service classes
• What do you remember about highway safety?
• Potential for personal injury
• Changes in vehicles
• Increased traffic volume
• Attitudes
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Distracted Drivers
Types of Portable and Embedded Technology
• Cell phones
• GPS devices
• MP3 players
• Video players
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Distracted Drivers
Other distractions
• Texting
• Eating
• Applying makeup
• Reading
• Talking on hands free device
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Distracted Drivers
• Using a cell phone while driving, whether it’s hand-held or hands-free, delays a driver's reactions as much as having a blood alcohol concentration at the legal limit of .08 percent. (Source: University of Utah)
• Driving while using a cell phone reduces the amount of brain activity associated with driving by 37 percent. (Source: Carnegie Mellon)
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Distracted Drivers
• 80 percent of all crashes and 65 percent of near crashes involve some type of distraction. (Source: Virginia Tech 100-car study for NHTSA)
• Nearly 6,000 people died in 2008 in crashes involving a distracted or inattentive driver and more than half a million were injured. (Source: NHTSA)
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Distracted Drivers
• The worst offenders are the youngest and least-experienced drivers: men and women under 20 years of age. (Source: NHTSA)
• Drivers who use hand-held devices are four times as likely to get into crashes serious enough to injure themselves. (Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)
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National Work Zone Safety
• Crashes
• 115,000 annual estimate
• Injuries
• 40,000+ annually
• Fatalities
• 1999 - 872
• Today - annual average 1,020
Source FHWA @ http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/wz_facts.htm
Statistics
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National Work Zone Statistics In
• One Work Zone or Emergency Responder Injury Every 9 Minutes
• 160 each day
• One Work Zone or Emergency Responder Fatality Every 8.2 hours
• 3 each day
Source FHWA @ http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/wz_facts.htm
Perspective
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Perspective!
According to the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, “Rural roads are
actually the most dangerous roads in the
nation.”
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“It was just a routine call”
• LIONVILLE , PA
• March 9th – Raining with wet roadways
• Initial alarm was at 14:10 for a car in a ditch
on the PA Turnpike.
• Uwchlan Ambulance and Lionville Fire /
Rescue responded with an Ambulance,
Engine, Rescue, the Chief & an Assistant
Chief.
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“It was just a routine call”
• Tractor Trailer driver loses control and
crashes into scene
• Mass confusion at the scene
• Many assist companies self-dispatched
• Heavy radio traffic due to weather-related
calls
• Weather grounded Medivac right after crash
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“It was just a routine call”
• Aftermath of the crash
• 8 firefighters and 2 EMTs involved in the
crash
• 1 fatality and 9 serious injuries
• Assistant Chief was disabled for several
months. Eventually resigned from the
department
• Physical therapy and numerous surgeries for
one firefighter
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NIOSH Findings
• Ensure fire apparatus are positioned to protect firefighters from traffic
• Establish, implement and enforce standard operating procedures (SOPs) regarding safe work practices while responding to calls in or near moving traffic
• Train personnel in safe procedures for operating in or near moving traffic
• Ensure that when operating at an emergency scene, personnel wear high-visibility safety apparel suitable to the incident, such as a highly visible, reflectorized flagger’s vest (e.g., strong yellow-green or orange)
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Contributing Factors
• Lack of training
• Lack of situational awareness
• Failure to establish a proper Temporary Traffic Control Zone
• Improper safe positioning of vehicles
• Inappropriate scene lighting
• Failure to use PPE, high visibility apparel & safety equipment
• Other drivers, reduced vision & altered traffic patterns
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Additional Issues
• Ineffective notice/warning to civilian drivers
• Weather and roadway conditions
• Scene visibility and lighting
• Physical movement of emergency responders
• Privately-owned vehicles (POVs)
• Protection at the scene
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Proactive Strategies
• Train and educate personnel
• Proper PPE
• Proper safe positioning of apparatus
• Use of temporary traffic control devices
• Multi-agency planning
• Apparatus visibility design features
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Impact of Injuries or Death
• Personnel injury or death
• Peripheral injury or death
• Long term impact
• Psychological impact
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The Long Term Impact
• Loss of experienced personnel
• Criminal or civil litigation
• Financial impact
• Inability to deliver service
• Loss of public respect and support
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Words to Live By
“Firefighters responding to calls need to
operate as if someone is trying to run them
over.”
–James Joyce
Former Fire Commissioner
Chicago Fire Department
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Extent of the Problem Summary
• Number of personnel being struck is still
a concern
• Many of the contributing factors are
related to lack of situational awareness
• Proactive actions can save lives
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Objectives
• Describe the National Unified Goal (NUG)
• Discuss how planning reduces the amount of on-scene time at the highway incident
• Understand the need for common terminology for multi-agency response
• Identify methods to improve multi-agency communication & coordination
• Recognize highway safety threat areas in the response district
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National Unified Goal (NUG)
Established by: EMS, Fire/Rescue,
Law Enforcement, Towing, Transportation
and Public Safety Communications
• Reduce traffic congestion
• Increase responder safety
• Safe quick clearance
• Prompt reliable communication
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NTIMC States
“For every minute that a freeway
travel lane is blocked during a
peak travel period, four minutes
of travel delay results after the
incident is cleared.”
National Traffic Incident Management Coalition
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Communication & Coordination
• Planning
• Training with other agencies
• Tabletop exercises
• Simulations
• Post-incident analysis
• National Incident Management System
(NIMS)
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Incident Command Benchmarks
• Assure the first emergency vehicle that arrives
establishes an initial block to create a safe work
area as well as a command and deploys traffic
control devices if safe
• Assess the parking needs of EMS, later-arriving
fire apparatus and other highway responders
• Assure high visibility reflective vests or
appropriate PPE is worn
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Incident Command Benchmarks
• If available, position appropriate apparatus to
block (tanker, aerial, pumper) and establish a
sufficient size work zone
• Assure that all equipment, personnel and
patients are kept within the protected work area
(shadow) of the larger apparatus
• Assure blocking apparatus and wheel angles are
positioned correctly
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Incident Command Benchmarks
• Instruct the driver of the ambulance to “block to
the right” or “block to the left” at the scene, in
order to position the rear patient-loading area
away from the closest lane of moving traffic
• Assure that all patient loading into transporting
EMS vehicles is done within a protected work
space
• Assure deployed traffic control devices are
removed safely
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Incident Command Benchmarks
EMS ONLY Response
• Assure the ambulance establishes an initial block
to create a safe work area, establishes command
and deploys traffic control devices, if safe
• Assess the scene and consider requesting
additional apparatus or law enforcement for
blocking and/or traffic control
• Assure apparatus blocking and wheel angles are
positioned correctly
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Incident Command Benchmarks
EMS ONLY Response
• Assure high visibility vest or appropriate PPE is
worn
• Assure EMS providers assess and treat patient in
protected shadow of ambulance
• When the patient is prepared for transport,
ambulance is repositioned so the patient’s vehicle
is used as a blocking vehicle
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Incident Command Benchmarks
EMS ONLY Response
• Instruct the driver of the ambulance to “block to
the right” or “block to the left” as the emergency
vehicle is parked at the scene in order to position
the rear patient-loading area away from the
closest lane of moving traffic
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Incident Command Benchmarks
EMS ONLY Response
• Assure that all patient loading into transporting
EMS vehicles is done within a protected work
space
• Assure deployed traffic control devices are
removed safely
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Planning
• Communication, Coordination and
Cooperation
• Identification of Highway Safety threats
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Planning, Communication &
• Chaos or coordination … the choice is
yours
• Advanced preparation, planning and
training can provide a safe work
environment
• Failure to plan could result in chaos
Coordination Summary
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Objectives
• Differentiate between SOPs/SOGs related to
highway safety
• Understand the benefits of SOPs/SOGs related to
highway safety
• List highway safety subject areas for
consideration in SOPs/SOGs
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SOPs/SOGs Example
• Policy – Go from Point “A” to Point ”B”
• Procedure – Begin at Point “A” go to Point “B” by following the prescribed directions
• Guideline – Begin at Point “A” go to Point “B” but does not give explicit directions as a procedure
• Rules and Regulations – Do not cross any line, do not backtrack
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What are SOPs/SOGs?
• Defines how ESO will operate
• Don’t confuse with pre-plans
• Not intended to duplicate technical
information
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General Provisions
• All personnel understand what is expected or
required
• Intended compliance with all necessary
requirements is identified
• Planned and agreed upon actions
• Resource document upon which to base training
• Required actions have been anticipated
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Highway Incident Subject Areas
• Training requirements to operate at scene
• Incident command structure
• Accountability
• Use of high visibility vest
• Specific responsibilities and functions
• Qualifications of personnel for assigned tasks
• And … Communication procedures at incident
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SOPs / SOGs Summary
• Provides guidance
• Protects organization(s)
and individual
• Regular review essential
• And … Integral part of
training
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Objectives
• Identify specific laws that impact emergency
workers while operating on roadways
• Recognize the elements of the Manual on
Uniform Traffic Control Devices(MUTCD)
• Identify the sections of MUTCD that effect
emergency responders
• Understand the law as it pertains to the use of
high visibility vests
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Legal and Regulatory Implications
• Laws, regulations and standards
• Interface with other documents
• Administrative requirements
• Operational reasons
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MUTCD
• Chapter 1A – General
• Section 1A.07 – Responsibility
• MUTCD
• Each state shall be in substantial compliance
• Highway Safety Act of 1966
• State Highway Agencies shall adopt a manual
• Meet the requirements of the most recent edition
adopted by the Federal Highway Administration
• 2009 Edition
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Section 1A.12
• 10 of the 13 colors are being used
• Fluorescent Pink – Incident Management
Color Codes
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Section 6D.03Worker Safety
A. Training
B. Temporary Traffic Barrier
C. Speed Reduction
D. Activity Area
E. Safety Planning
Key Elements of Worker Safety and TTC
Management
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All workers including emergency responders
within the right of way shall wear High
Visibility Safety Apparel
Section 6D.03Worker Safety
Key Elements of Worker Safety and TTC
Management
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Law Enforcement
• Standard - When uniformed law enforcement
personnel are used to direct traffic, investigate
crashes, handle lane closures, obstructed
roadways and disasters, high visibility apparel
as described in section MUTCD 6D.03 shall be
worn.
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• NIMS requires ICS at traffic incidents
• 3 types of work durations
• Minor (less than 30 minutes )
• Intermediate (30 minutes - 2 hours)
• Major (more than 2 hours)
Section 6I.01 Support
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Section 6I.01
• Mutually plan with responding agencies
• Responders trained in TTC practices for
assigned tasks
• All responders and news media should wear high
visibility apparel
• Emergency vehicles should be safe positioned
• Responders should estimate time duration of the
traffic incident
Guidance
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Section 6I.01
• Warning and guide signs used for TTC traffic
incident management situations may have a black
legend and border on a fluorescent pink
background
• For traffic incidents, particularly those of an
emergency nature, TTC devices on hand may be
used for the initial response as long as they do not
themselves create unnecessary additional hazards
Option
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Section 6I.02
• Exceeds 2 hrs but not more than 24 hrs
• 24 hrs, see other chapters of Part 6
• Interagency planning
• Manual TC provided by qualified flaggers or
uniformed law enforcement
• Flaggers may use appropriate TTC
devices readily available or to the scene on
short notice
Major Incident
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Section 6I.03
• Thirty (30) minutes to 2 hrs and usually
requires traffic control to divert road users
• Interagency planning
• Manual traffic control provided by qualified
flaggers or uniformed law enforcement
• Flaggers may use appropriate TTC devices
readily available or to the scene on short
notice
Intermediate Incident
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Section 6I.04
• Less than 30 minutes
• Traffic control is the responsibility of the
on-scene responder
• Interagency planning
• Vehicles should be moved to the shoulder
as quickly as possible
Minor Incident
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• MUTCD Section 6C.02
• Component Parts of a Traffic Control Zone
• Advance Warning
• Transition Area
• Activity Area (Buffer Space & Work Space)
• Termination Area
Temporary Traffic Control Zone
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AdvanceWarning Area
Transition Area
Activity Area
Buffer – Work Space
Termination Area
Temporary Traffic Control Zone
150’ between Apparatus
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Road users are informed about incident
• Reference table 6C-1 for recommended
advance warning signs minimum spacing
Advance Warning Area
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“Best Practices”
• Need for advance warning to slow passing traffic
• Arrow boards, flares, cones, police cars, DOT signage
• Variable message signs, news media / traffic reports
Advance Warning
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Road users are redirected
• Blocking vehicle
• Cones
• Upstream from “block”
• 15-20 feet between cones
• Lighted flares to emphasize cones
Transition Area
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23 CFR 634
• High visibility garments required for all
emergency service workers while working
on roadways
• ANSI 107 Class 2 or 3 high visibility vests
required
Final Rule
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Exception
• Firefighters, when actively engaged in
emergency operation that directly expose
workers to flame, fire, heat or hazardous
materials may wear retroreflective turnout gear
• Police officers, in potential adversarial rolls to
include traffic stops and searches
“At all other times vests shall be worn”
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Legal & Regulatory Summary
• Understand the laws, regulations and standards
that impact the ESO
• Familiarize yourself with the MUTCD
• Comply with worker visibility rule and the
appropriate exemptions
• Develop strategies to protect emergency workers
while operating at highway incidents
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Objectives
• Describe the effects of SOPs/SOGs on emergency response to various highway incidents.
• Describe the actions that must be fulfilled at a highway emergency scene to ensure safe operation.
• List the personal safety measures to be used by emergency responders while working in or near moving traffic.
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Objectives
• Understand the roles and responsibilities of the
emergency service worker related to personal
safety at highway incidents.
• Lists the risks associated with closing down traffic
and incident termination.
Continued
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“Best Practices”
Safety officer assigned for scene safety,
scene hazards and traffic control.
The First 60 MinutesSafety Officer
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Personal Safety Measures
• Maintain situational awareness
• Don appropriate reflective vest and clothing
• Look before exiting the vehicle
• Exit and enter the vehicle on the downstream side
• Look before you step
• Keep your eyes on traffic
• Limit your exposure
• Keep as reduced a profile as possible
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Scene Lighting
“Best Practices”
Reduce emergency lights, use “blocking” mode,
sign boards, arrow boards, arrow sticks
• Increase use of amber lenses witch is more
apt to slow traffic
• Provide scene illumination after dark
• Presence of law enforcement vehicles
shown to slow traffic
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Not popular with law enforcement or the public.
May be necessary!
Advanced planning is key.
Closing Down Traffic Flow
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• Limit the Exposure • Minimum Apparatus & Personnel
• Limit crews on scene to only those necessary
“Best Practices”
Staging of Apparatus & POVs
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“Best Practices”
Limit the time on scene
• Use two way radios to advise of conditions
• Take down cones & warning signs with
caution
• Use safety officer during take down periods
• Clear-up crews as soon as possible
Incident Termination
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Recommendations
• Reduce blinding vehicle lights
• Increase awareness of oncoming drivers
• Wear MUTCD / ANSI compliant garment
• Have necessary TTC devices
• Safe position vehicles
USFA Traffic Incident Management Systems, April 2008
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Recommendations
• Establish adequately sized work zone
• Deploy and remove devices safely
• Personnel are properly trained and
equipped
• Apparatus wheels turned away from the
work area
USFA Traffic Incident Management Systems, April 2008
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On Scene Operations Summary
• Mitigate and resolve the incident as
quickly as possible
• Deploy and remove TTC devices safely
• Emergency personnel should always
consider personal safety measures
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Objectives
• Describe apparatus features that should be considered for increasing the degree of safety at highway incident scenes
• List and describe safety-related equipment to be included on apparatus for use at highway incidents by personnel when working in or near moving traffic
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NFPA 1901
• Rear Reflective Markings
• 50% of the rear-facing vertical surface of all vehicles
must now be covered with reflective red and yellow
stripes in a chevron pattern sloping downward from the
center of the vehicle at a 45-degree angle.
• The stripes must be 6” wide, instead of the minimum
combined width of 4” specified on the sides and front.
• Although there is some latitude on the exact shade of yellow to
be used, other colors may not be substituted.
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Objectives
• Demonstrate the ability to establish a safe temporary work zone given various roadway types and scene conditions
• Identify safety concerns given various roadway types and scene conditions
• Critique the temporary work zones created in the given scenarios for best practices related to operability and safety
• Develop an attitude to accept, use and enforce highway workplace safety
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Scenarios
• Multi-lane highway with grass median
• Four lane divided highway
• Urban street with center turn
• Intersection
• Curved two-lane road
• Two-lane rural