Post on 17-Jan-2018
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Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia's
Blood
• Liquid connective tissue• 3 general functions1. Transportation
Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
2. Regulation pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure
3. Protection Clotting, white blood cells, proteins
Components of Blood– Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix
• 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)• Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins
– Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies• Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes,
hormones, gases and waste products– Formed elements – cells and cell fragments
• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (Leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood Cell Production :Hematopoiesis
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
• Oxygen-transporting cells Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3
Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3
• Average lifespan 100 – 120 days and then destroyed in spleen• Have no organelles or nuclei • Hemoglobin –quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains
– Each RBC has about 280 million hemoglobin – molecules
• Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area • Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes )
• Protect the body from infectious microorganisms• 4,800 – 11,000 cells/mm 3 • Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective
tissue • WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs• Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
• Two types of leukocytes : Granulocytes (Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils)
Agranulocytes (Monocytes ,Lymphocytes)
Types of White Blood Cells
Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
• Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments• Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma
membrane• Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus• Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
(Homeostasis)
• Short life span – 5-9 days
Homeostasis
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
What is Anemia
• Definition of Anemia : a decrease in the amount of red blood cells(RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen
• Normal ranges of Hb (in general are) :• Men: Hb 13.5 -17.5 g/dL• Women: Hb 11.5-16 g/dL• Infants : Hb 16 -22 g/dL• Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL
Classification of anemia
On the basis of underlying cause :• Erythrocyte loss (bleeding)• Decreased Erythrocyte production
– low erythropoietin – Decreased marrow response to erythropoietin
• Increased Erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic) On the basis of morphology of RBC :• Normocytic (MCV 80 – 100 fl)
• Macrocytic (MCV < 80 fl )
• Microcytic (MCV >100 fl)
Classification of anemia by RBC size
• Microcytic anemia's :– iron deficiency anemia.– Thalassemia.– sideroblastic anemia.– anemia's of chronic disease.
• Macrocytic anemia :– megaloblastic (folate or vitamin B12 deficiency).– nonmegaloblastic causes.
• Normocytic anemia's :– aplastic anemia.– bone-marrow replacement.– pure red-cell aplasia.– anemia's of chronic disease.– hemolytic anemia, and recent blood loss.
iron deficiency anemia
Why is iron deficiency important? • Remains most common nutrient deficiency in
developing countries• Over 1 billion people affected, nearly half of the world’s
young children• In US, most common in lower income infants and
toddlers 12-36 months of age and teenage girls• Over 700,000 toddlers affected in the US, 1/3 with
anemia, over 7.8 million adolescent females/women• Long term effects on neurodevelopment, behavior,
neurotransmitter myelination, energy metabolism • Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity