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IANAImportant,butnotforwhattheydo
ScottBradner22November2016
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GivingAwaytheInternet!
2Cruz.Senate.gov
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OnceUponaTime• StartedwithNetworkWorkingGroup-1968
Ad-hocgroup“concernedwiththeHOSTsoftware,thestrategiesforusingthenetwork,andinitialexperimentswiththenetwork”RFC3
• ThenRFCs–1969JonPostelRFCserieseditor
• Thencoordinatingsocketnumbers–1972JonPostelcoordinator
InternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)name–RFC1060in1988
JoyceK.ReynoldslistedastheIANAcontact
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Thenmorethansockets• IPaddresses&ProtocolParameters
RFC739–1977• IPaddressaretoohardtouse
DNS:RFC882/3–1982• Hierarchyisyourfriend–DNSroot&commonTLDs:RFC920–1984
• AlltheIANApartsinplaceby1984Jon&Joyce@USC-ISIFundedbyU.S.government
e.g.1988DARPAcontractwithISI,extendedin19974
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ARPANetworkingResearch• ARPAwantedtosharelarge(expensive)computersamongresearchers
• Decidedtouse“packet-based”design• Usednon-dedicatedlogicalconnections
Permittedmultipleconversationsonsamephysicalconnection
• PacketnetworkingconceptcamefromPaulBaranatRANDDesignedtosurvivenuclearattack
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PacketSwitchedNetworking• Splittransmissionintochunks(a.k.a.,packets)• Eachpacketproceedsonitsownthroughthenetwork,nostatekeptinnetworkswitches
• NoassumptionsmadeaboutunderlingtransportnetworkPacketsmaybelost,reordered,duplicated
• Packetnetworkjustforwardsthebits• Noserviceguarantees
Reliability,quality,security…
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DA
SA
CTR
Data
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ARPABuiltaNetwork
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1969
1982
Proveofconceptandproductionnetworktosharecomputers
Commercialpacketswitchednetworksfollowedbymid1990s-theinterconnectedpacketswitchednetworksbecametheInternet
But“noone”caredfordecades• Well,theInternetfolkdid• ButthetraditionaltelcomandcorporatenetworkingpeopleandcompaniesdidnotItsjustatoy–noQoS,noguarantees,nosecurity,nooneincharge
• Sotheregulatorsdidnotcare
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• ProtocolParametersDatabasemaintenance(only)forIETF
• IPaddresses&ASNsAllocateblockstoRIRs(whodefinedtheirownpolicies)
NetworkSolutions,RIPE-NCC,APNIC
• DNSRFC920TLDs+.net+.int+rootservers(“oversee”)RFC1591:DomainNameSystemStructureandDelegation
Thereareasetofwhatarecalled"top-leveldomainnames"(TLDs).ThesearethegenericTLDs(EDU,COM,NET,ORG,GOV,MIL,andINT),andthetwolettercountrycodesfromISO-3166.ItisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherTLDswillbecreated.–JonPostel,March1994
IANASteadyState1984-1995
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TheInternethasfewneeds• TheIANAfunctionsaretheonlycentralfunctionsrequiredtokeeptheInternetworking
Recordprotocolparameters
AllocateblocksofIPaddresses&ASNs
ConfiguretheDNSroot
• Everythingelseiscooperation10
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$$$$$• 1993:NetworkSolutionswonNSFRFPtoregisterdomainnamesin.com,.net&.org
• Sept.1995:NSFOKedNetworkSolutionschargingfordomainnameregistrations-$100/2yearsAbout100K.comnamesin1995
Wouldbe1Mby1999
• Moneytobeminted!• ButNetworkSolutionswastheonlygameintown
SomeccTLDsalsosawthelureE.g..tv
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DNSandtheothertwo• IANAdealtwiththreetopics• ButDNSwastheonlyoneofinteresttomostpeopleItwaswherethemoneywasItwaswheretheTrademarkissueswereItwaswherethelawyerswereItwaswherethepoliticianswereItwaswherethepolicywonkwanabeeswereItsallthenewsmediacouldgrok(orthinktheydid)
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MoreTLDs?• Firestormoverchargingfordomainnames• Fall1995:PostelfloatedideaofaddingnewTLDs
Tocreatecompetition• Nov.1995:ISOCDNSrestructureproposal
draft-isoc-dns-role-00.txtIAB&ISOCchairs,JonPostel&NickTrioco-authors
MovegTLDmanagementunderISOCRegisternewgTLDs
note–callediTLD“internationaltopleveldomains”
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IAHC• May1996:Postel–proposedadhocDNSworkinggroupsforDNSissuesdraft-postel-iana-itld-admin
Alsoproposed150newgTLDsinfirstyear,30/yearafterward
• Nov.1996:InternationalAd-HocCommittee(IAHC)formedbyISOC&IANARepresentativesfromIAB,NSF,WIPO,ITU,INTAReport&MoUpublishedinFeb.1997
Recommendedestablishing7newTLDsRecommendedRegistrar/Registrymodel>200signersoftheMoU
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Incoming!• Feb.1997:ImageOnlineDesignsuedIANA
i.e.JonPostelClaimedhehadrenegedonanoralpromisetosellthem.webSuedtostopIAHCplan
Whichincluded.web
• Jul.1997:EugeneKashpureffreroutedInterNICwebsitetoAlterNICusingDNScachepoisoningAlterNICwasanalternativeDNStree
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Dept.ofCommerceRFC• 2July1997:RequestforCommentsontheRegistrationandAdministrationofInternetDomainNames(62FR35896)• Requestedcommentonprinciplesincluding:
Theprivatesector,withinputfromgovernments,shoulddevelopstable,consensus-basedself-governingmechanismsfordomainnameregistrationandmanagementthatadequatelydefinesresponsibilitiesandmaintainsaccountability.
• 430commentsreceived
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Meanwhile• Jonworkedonaproposalofhisvisionofa“institutionalized”IANA
• ConsultedwithmanyinIETF• ConsultedwithIraMagaziner(DoC)• Semi-finalbyendof1997
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ReengineeringtheInternet• ConferenceinLondon,Jan.26-291998• IraMagazinerforeshadowedU.S.governmentapproachQuestioninQ&A–WhynotjustgiveIANAtotheITU?Magaziner:Internetmovestoofastforgovernments
• Joncouldnotmakeit,inhissteadIpresented:InstitutionalizingtheIANAFunctionsToDeliveraStableandAccessibleGlobalInternetforMissionCriticalBusinessTrafficandTransactionsCopyonwww.sobco.com(Googleforitifinterested)
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GreenPaper• 20Feb.1998:ImprovementofTechnicalManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses;ProposedRule
• InformedbyIAHC-MoU,butnotacloneWeproposethecreationofaprivate,not-for-profitcorporation(thenewcorporation)tomanagethecoordinatedfunctionsinastableandopeninstitutionalframework.ThenewcorporationshouldoperateasaprivateentityforthebenefitoftheInternetasawhole.
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GreenPaper,contd.• Authority:
1.TosetpolicyforanddirecttheallocationofnumberblockstoregionalnumberregistriesfortheassignmentofInternetaddresses;2.Tooverseetheoperationofanauthoritativerootserversystem;3.Tooverseepolicyfordetermining,basedonobjectivecriteriaclearlyestablishedintheneworganization'scharter,thecircumstancesunderwhichnewtop-leveldomainsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4.TocoordinatethedevelopmentofothertechnicalprotocolparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet.
• i.e.,allofIANA,notjustDNS,butjustIANA• >400commentsreceived
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WhitePaper• 10June’98:ManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses(63FR31741)
• “StatementofPolicy”Internetstakeholdersareinvitedtoworktogethertoformanew,private,not-for-profitcorporationtomanageDNSfunctions1)setpolicyforanddirectallocationofIPnumberblockstoregionalInternetnumberregistries;2)overseeoperationoftheauthoritativeInternetrootserversystem;3)overseepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewTLDsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4)coordinatetheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet.thenewcorporationcouldbefundedbydomainnameregistries,regionalIPregistries,orotherentitiesidentifiedbytheBoard.
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SelfAppointedCommunityReviews• InternationalForumontheWhitePaper
MeetingsinReston,Geneva,Singapore,&BuenosAires
• BostonWorkingGroup• …• Thousandsofattendees• TalkingaboutaverydifferentconceptthanjusttheIANAtechnicalfunctions
• Assumed“theInternetmanager”• i.e.,wantingtofillaneededvacuum
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ICANNProposal• JondevelopedaspecificproposalforanInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers
• 2Oct.1998:proposalsubmitted• 16Oct.1998:Jondied• 20Oct.1998:DoCsaidtheywouldacceptJon’sproposal(withtweaks)
• 26Oct1998:1stICANNboardmeetingCloseddoormeeting
Setapattern?
• 21Nov1998:ICANNincorporated• 25Nov.1998:DoC&ICANNsign10-yearMoU
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ICANNMoU• IntheDNSProject,thepartieswilljointlydesign,develop,andtestthemechanisms,methods,andprocedurestocarryoutthefollowingDNSmanagementfunctions:
• a.EstablishmentofpolicyforanddirectionoftheallocationofIPnumberblocks;b.Oversightoftheoperationoftheauthoritativerootserversystem;c.Oversightofthepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewtopleveldomainswouldbeaddedtotherootsystem;d.CoordinationoftheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnectivityontheInternet;ande.OtheractivitiesnecessarytocoordinatethespecifiedDNSmanagementfunctions,asagreedbytheParties.
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TranslatedICANNMoU• Translatedintoactionitems• TheDoCsignsoffonanychangestotheDNSrootzonefilei.e.,thefilethatliststheTLDsandoftheIPaddressesofthenameserversforeachoftheTLDs
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ICANN’sfunctions• ICANNwascreatedbyJonPostelto“institutionalizetheIANA”i.e.,dealwiththetechnicalbookkeepingfunctionsand“overseeing”theDNSrootserversystem
• JonalsoexpectedICANNtodecideonnewTLDsInvolvescontractswithTLDoperators
• ICANNhastodealwithtrademarkissuescomingoutofdomainnameregistrations
• ICANNalsoconsultsonDNSsecurityissues
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ICANNBudget:$M
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1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
ICANN:gTLDsareus
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ICANNBylaws:Words
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1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
IamIgnoring• WSIS• VariousITUandITU-Tproposals• IGF• …• MostlyignoringICANNcommunitysupport
BlewalotofgoodwillatstartToooftenseenassecretive&capriciousGeneralI*viewisthatitsbetterthananyforeseeablealternative
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EnvironmentalChanges• Sep.2001:India,Brazil,andSouthAfrica(IBSA)proposedthattheUNundertakegovernanceoftheInternet
• Jun.2013:EdwardSnowden• Oct.2013:I*-MontevideoStatementontheFutureofInternetCooperationTimetomoveawayfromUSgovernmentIANAoversight
• Apr.2014:NetMundialInitiativeSelfanointed25-membercounciltoperformInternetgovernance(becausetherestillisnone)
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TheBeginningoftheEndoftheBeginning• 14Mar.2014:NTIAAnnouncesIntenttoTransitionKeyInternetDomainNameFunctions
• RequestsoneIANAtransitionplan• Thetransitionproposalmusthavebroadcommunitysupportandaddressthefollowingfourprinciples:Supportandenhancethemultistakeholdermodel;Maintainthesecurity,stability,andresiliencyoftheInternetDNS;MeettheneedsandexpectationoftheglobalcustomersandpartnersoftheIANAservices;and,MaintaintheopennessoftheInternet.
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TransitionProposalRequirements• PartiestobeInvolved
InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)TheInternetArchitectureBoard(IAB)TheInternetSociety(ISOC)TheRegionalInternetRegistries(RIRs)TopleveldomainnameoperatorsVeriSignAndotherinterestedglobalstakeholders.
• NTIAwillnotacceptaproposalthatreplacestheNTIArolewithagovernment-ledoraninter-governmentalorganizationsolution.
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ICANNAccountability• Majorconcern–who/whatwillholdICANNaccountableafterthetransition?
• Fall2014:ICANNAccountabilityandGovernanceCrossCommunityWorkingGroup(CCWG)createdtoworkonanaccountabilityandgovernanceplan
• Accountabilitymechanismdevelopedandaccepted
• Followingproperprocess,theICANNcommunityhassignificantpowers:
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CommunityPowersRejectICANNBudgets,IANABudgetsorStrategic/OperatingPlans.RejectchangestoICANN’sStandardBylaws.ApprovechangestonewFundamentalBylaws,ArticlesofIncorporationandCANN’ssaleorotherdispositionofallorsubstantiallyallofICANN’sassets.RemoveanindividualICANNBoardDirector.RecalltheentireICANNBoard.InitiateabindingIndependentReviewProcess(whereapaneldecisionisenforceableinanycourtrecognizinginternationalarbitrationresults).RejectICANNBoarddecisionsrelatingtoreviewsoftheIANAfunctions,includingthetriggeringofPostTransitionIANAseparation.Therightsofinspectionandinvestigation
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TowardsaTransitionProposal• Jan2015toFeb.2016IANAcustomersdeveloptransitionproposal
• 10Mar.2016:TransitionProposalsubmittedtoNTIA
• 9June2016:NTIAagreesplanmeetsrequirements
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Meanwhile• 10Apr.2014:US.Housesubcommitteeholdhearingontransition–nooutcome
• 17Sep.2015:NTIextendsIANAcontractto30Sep.2016
• 14Dec.2015:USCongressblocksNTIAfromrelinquishingresponsibilityforInternetDNSfunctionsatleastuntilSeptember30,2016
• Spring2016-Sep.2016:someincongresstrytoextendtransitionblockBecause,theysaid,theInternet,asweknowit,wouldend
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DoneDeal• 27May2016:ICANNchangeditsBylawstoimplementaccountabilityplan
• 30Sep2016:thecongressblocktoactionandexistingIANAcontractexpired
• 1Oct2016:thebeginningofanindependentIANA
• CannotnowbeundoneEvenifTrumpwantedto-Cannotun-expireacontractFCCmighthavesomesayintheUSbutnotelsewhere
• Note:ifthetransitionhadnothappened–forcesintheUNwouldlikelyhavevotedtotakeitover
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TechnicalFunctions• JusttheIANA– nothingmore(e.g.nocontent!)
ProtocolparametersIPaddressblocksRootDNSzonefileNewTLDs
• TheIANAperformscoordinationfunctions,notgovernance
• ThefunctionsIANAperformsareoperationallycritical,butunimportantotherwise
• WhattheIANAdoesnotdoiswhatisatissue
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Internetgovernance• SomethingasimportantastheInternetMUSTalreadybegoverned–right?
• TheremustbesomegrouporsomeonethatensurestheInternetfunctions,itisopentofreespeechandtocommerce–right?
ThereisnoInternetgovernance!(Noonecareduntilitwastoolate.)Whichiswheretheproblemlies
• Butisitaproblemthatneedsfixing?
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