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Intelligent Communication Lab

Wireless Power Transfer Using Metamaterial

Bonded Microstrip Antenna for

Smart Grid WSN

Outline

• Background

• Microwave Power Transmission

• System Model

• Metamaterials

• Metamaterials used in Microwave Power Transmission

• Conclusion

Background

Nikola Tesla

Innovations:

• Alternating current

• Wireless power transmission experiments at Wardenclyffe.

• In 1899 he was able to light lamps over 25 miles away without

using wires.

• High frequency current, of a Tesla coil, could light lamps filled

with gas (like neon).

(1856-1943)

Block Diagram For WPT

Single Element M.R.P.A.

Design of a Patch Antenna

Cavity Model For Patch Antenna

A radiating patch is fabricated on a dielectric

substrate at a small fraction away from ground

plane.

It is feeded by microstrip line feed technique.

The region between ground plane and microstip

patch, bounded by electric conductors is a resonance

cavity

Radiation and Polar Plot

Gain 7.14 dB

Radiation Efficiency -0.8591 dB

Total Efficiency -1.196 dB

3-D Radiation Plot Polar Plot

4 x Element Array

4 element Array of Patch antenna

• Increase the overall gain

• Provide diversity reception

• Cancel out interference from a particular set of directions

• The Array Factor is a function of the positions of the antennas

in the array and the weights used

• Total radiation

Radiation and Polar Plot

3-D Radiation Plot Polar Plot

Gain 11.9 dB

Radiation Efficiency -1.4032 dB

Total Efficiency -1.926 dB

Metamaterial

• Metamaterials are a new class of ordered composites that exhibit exceptional properties not readily

observed in nature.

• A periodic material that derives its properties from its structure rather than its components

D.R. Smith - “Any material composed of a periodic microscopic structures so as to achieve desired electromagnetic

response can be referred as a metamaterial”.

Metamaterial unit cell Metamaterial structure

History

• A. Schuster, An Introduction to the Theory of Optics 1904.

• L.I. Mandelshtam, May 5 1944 “In fact, the direction of wave propagation

is determined by its phase velocity, while energy is transported at the

group velocity.”

• A German scientist Victor Veselago in 1967 by his article “The

electrodynamics of substances with simultaneous negative values of ε

and μ”, was able to predict that :

Metamaterials act in exact opposite manner than natural

materials (like negative refractive index).

Waves behavior in negative refractive material.

• Dr. John Pendry showed practical method of making metamaterials in

1999 .

Describes a perfect lens that can focus all four Fourier

components.

• David R. Smith demonstrated experimentally metamaterial in his article

"Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction“.

The first person to create a functioning cloak of invisibility that

renders an object invisible in microwave wavelengths

V. G. Veselago

Sir John Pendry

Properties of Metamaterials

Unique Properties Of Metamaterials

• Refractive Index is negative

• Opposes Snell’s law

• Opposes Doppler's Effect

• Positive Impedance

• Cherenkov radiation points the other way

Due to their unique properties they are propagating in left hand side, they are often called as Left handed

material

Classification of Material and

Achieving N.R.I.

Classification Of Materials Found In Nature

Achieving Negative Refractive Index (N.R.I.)

• By Using Material Having Negative Permittivity.

They are often found in nature in some metals and

semiconductor..

Do not give positive impedance

• By using material having negative Permeability.

They are rarely exist in nature and that to for very low

frequency

Do not give positive impedance

• By using material having both permittivity and

permeability negative.

They are not found in nature.

They are the combination of above two materials

Posses positive impedance

Behavior of Waves With

Metamaterials

• Maxwell equations describe all electromagnetic phenomena.

• Metamterial (Negative refractive index) changes the Maxwell’s equations which inter changes the direction of

propagation of waves.

Normal material Metamaterial

Pointing vector represent the direction of

propagation of waves .

Pointing vector

Comparison Of Maxwell’s Equation

Metamaterial as Lens

• Lens tries to focus the field by applying phase correction to each Fourier

component but it did not provide amplitude amplification.

• Pendry’s proved by his articles that when an evanescent wave is passed

through a matameterial it provides:

Phase correction

Amplitude amplification

• Multiple refraction will focus the beam and reflection is zero when there

is no mismatch loss

Multiple Refraction Through A Lens Metamaterial Lens

Wave propagation through metamaterial

Antenna Incorporated with Metamaterial

M.R.P.A single Element 4 Element M.R.P.A array

• Array of metamaterial structure that we have proposed had placed above the M.R.P.A. array at a

certain height from ground plane.

• Distance Between antenna and metamaterial lens is based on Impedance matching.

Comparison of Patch Antenna Result

Without and With Metamaterial

Without metamaterial lens With metamaterial lens

S-parameters for Patch Antenna

Without and With Lens

Gain 7.33 dB 8.22 dB

Radiation Efficiency -0.694 dB -0.045 dB

Total Efficiency -1.025 dB -0.662 dB

Comparison of Antenna Array Result

Without and With Metamaterial

Without metamaterial lens With metamaterial lens

S-parameters for Antenna Array Without

And With Lens

Gain 14.05 dBi

Directivity 14.47dBi

Radiation Efficiency --0.2242 dBi

Free Space Transmission

• The received power is for linear values of

transmitting antenna gain and it can be seen that Pr

is increasing with increasing value of Gt.

• The receiver antenna will extract the microwave

power and provide to a schottky diode for its

conversion to dc.

Conclusion

• Wireless power can be transmitted to an increased range by using metamaterial with

antenna

• Use of metamaterial will improve the antenna performance.

• No altercation is required in antenna structure for achieving better or desired

performance.

• Metamaterial used with antenna can also help in avoiding interference

Vikaram SinghAntenna and Microwave Group

Intelligent Communication Lab (INTELCOM)Mumbai, India

E vikram.singh@intelcomlab.com M +91 9767371987

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