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Accident involvement and traffic safety attitudes
Herman KattelerClara Woldringh
ITS, Radboud University
Nijmegen - NL
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Outline
Focus of the study Attitudes Accident involvement Attitudes and accident involvement
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Aim of the study Guidance of traffic safety education
Relevant to DoE and DoT
Broad coverage
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Comprehensive approach
Knowledge but also attitudes and behaviour
Not only road signs and rules: coverage of all relevant domains
All types of education
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Domains Traffic rules; road signs Risk identification Changing of perspective Alcohol and drugs Dealing with group pressure Physical aspects Norms and values
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Sub-domains
SSDomain 7
DDDomain x
DDDomain 1
BehaviourAttitudeKnowledge
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Examples of sub-domains Risk identification
Recognizing risk Risk acceptance
Group pressure Knowledge: -- Propensity to group
conformity Peer behaviour
Alcohol, dugs Blood alcohol level
permitted Attitude towards
people driving with alcohol
Using alcohol
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Requirements Applicable at any intellectual level In all types of education Test length of 45 minutes maximum Reliability; scale construction Validity
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Approach Self-completion questionnaire Completion in class context Variety in presentation
Photographs Illustrated situations Item sets
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
1 s t p r e - t e s t3 c l a s s e s
s p e c i a l e d u c a t i o nt e s t d u r a t i o n
2 n d p r e - t e s t2 4 3 p u p i l s
c o m p r e h e n s i b i l i t ys c a l a b i l i t y
m a i n s t u d y1 . 6 0 0 p u p i l s
t h e r m o m e t e r
R e s e a r c h P r o c e s s< >< >
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Additional information Length and complexity of home-
school route
Youngsters in rural areas
Accident involvement
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Pupils sample (a)
Age groups: 45% 12-13 years old; 55% 14-16 years
old Traffic safety education:
20% without traffic safety education On average 10 hours safety education
over 3 school years
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Pupils sample (b)
Number of risky situations: None 11% 1 34% 2+ 55% independent of where living
length of bike trip: cities 9% > 30 m small villages 27% rural area 56%
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Knowledge of elementary basic rules
10 elementary right-of-way situations (bike-rider and 1 other road user)
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Knowledge of elementary basic rules
Disappointing result: 33% achieved poorly; 20% moderately
Tendency to overcautious behaviour!
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Laying down a standard...
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
norm kopgr peloton achterbl
gemiddelde60%70%
80%
40%
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Attitudes: most negative ones
Attitude towards own unsafe/ incorrect behaviour
Propensity to behave decently Attitude towards group following
behaviour Action tendency: use of safety
increasing attributes
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Attitudes towards traffic rules by age group
0%
2 0%
4 0%
6 0%
8 0%
1 2 ja a r 1 3 ja a r 1 4 ja a r 1 5 ja a r 1 6 ja a r
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Alcohol: knowledge + attitude by age group
0
20
40
60
80
12 13 14 15 16good know ledge of effects of alcohol usage critical attitude
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Girls – boys, 11 attitudes
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
meisjes
jongens
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Action tendency: alcohol use
0 %
1 0%
2 0%
3 0%
4 0%
v m b o- 1 v m b o- 2 v m b o - 3 h a v o /v wo -
1
h a v o/v wo -
2
h a v o/v wo -
3
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Accident involvement Usually: exclusively injuries Levels of seriousness
Injury Material damage Near-accident
Self-reports (last 2 years)
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Accident involvement: %
Injuries 11%
}38% Material damage 34% }60%
Near-accidents 50%
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Accident involvement
18
16
26
40
a c c id ent invo lvement
never
occasional
fairly frequent
very frequent
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Intermediate conclusions
Accident involvement is a gradual phenomenon
Injuries tip of ice-berg: usual focus incomplete
Splendid variable for analysis Reliability to be improved
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Predictive value of near-accidents for real accident involvement
62
47
25
0
20
40
60
80
never near-accidents
a couple ofincidents
every month/w eek
r=.34
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Knowledge and accident involvement
Not correlated ! Better knowledge does not reduce
chance of accident involvement .00 < r < .07
Knowledge prerequisite > determining
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Attitudes and accident involvement
Attitudes clearly correlated: r = > .20 Strongest correlations:
real acc near-accidentsPeer behaviour -.17 -.30Behave decently -.17 -.29Traffic rules and signs -.12 -.26 Risk acceptance -.15 -.25 Attitudes internally correlated basic
attitude
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Predictive power of clusters of variables
a t t i t u d e s< >
. 3 6< >
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e< >
. 1 9< >
d e m o g r a p h y< >
. 0 6< >
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Multivariate analysis Peer behaviour .28 Use of safe bike attributes .32 Nr of risky situations on-route .35 Tendency to behave decently .37 Length of home-school route .38 Degree of risk acceptance .39
mr = .39 r2 = .15
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Conclusions Evidence for relevancy of attitudes Traffic safety education needed +
perspective Attitudes firmer predictors than
infrastructure Relevancy of broad accident
involvement concept
ICTCT Workshop Tartu, October 2004
Colofon Herman Katteler / Clara Woldringh
ITSRadbout University Nijmegenh.katteler@its.kun.nl
Willem VermeulenTransport Research Group (AVV)w.vermeulen@avv.rws.minvenw.nl