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p = ρRTIDEAL GAS LAW (EQUATION OF STATE)

Fig. 4-6, p. 89

AIR PARCEL

•Hypothetical

•No mixing of externalair with air inside ofparcel

•Large-scale atmosphereoften behaves asparcels

Fig. 2-1, p. 29

ICE

LIQUID WATER(note higher density)

Fig. 2-3, p. 31

3.3 x 105 J/kg 2.5 x 106 J/kg

Latent heat (L) of water phase changes

e = vapor pressure

es = saturationvapor pressure es = es(T)

Fig. 4-10, p. 91

es = es(T)

es water = es ice

supercooledwater

Saturation Vapor Pressureand Temperature

es = 12.3 mb; T = 10°C

es = 23.4 mb; T = 20°C

es = 42.4 mb; T = 30°C

Air does not “hold” water

All gases co-exist in the same volume

Fig. 4-5, p. 88

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

WRONG!

21 (25%)63 (75%)

14 (87%) 2 (13%)

Fig. 11-2, p. 287

Mean Evaporation (cm)

Mean Evaporation (cm)

P = Precipitation

PE = Potential Evapotranspiration

Charlottesville Climatic Water Budget

mill

imet

ers

PE

P

Surplus

PE

P

Deficit

Fig. 4-7, p. 89

Fig. 4-8, p. 89

Fig. 4-12, p. 93

Fig. 4-15, p. 96

Fig. 4-13a, p. 94

Fig. 4-13b, p. 94

Fig. 4-4, p. 87

Isobars-- Lines of equal pressure. They run horizontally from left to right and are labeled on the left side of the diagram. Pressure is given in increments of 100 mb and ranges from 1050 to 100 mb. Notice the spacing between isobars increases in the vertical (thus the name Log P).

Isotherms-Isotherms- Lines of equal temperature. They run from the southwest to the northeast (thus the name skew) across the diagram and are SOLID. Increment are given for every 10 degrees in units of Celsius. They are labeled at the bottom of the diagram.

Environmental sounding-- Same as the actual measured temperatures in the atmosphere. This is the jagged line running from bottom to top on the diagram. This line is always to the right of the dew point plot.

Dewpoint plot- This is the jagged line running from bottom to top. It is the vertical plot of dew point temperature. This line is always to the left of the environmental sounding.

Dry adiabatic lapse rate- Rate of cooling (9.8 degrees Celsius per kilometer) of a rising unsaturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom right to the top left and are SOLID. Lines gradually arc to the top with height.

Moist adiabatic lapse rate-- Rate of cooling (depends on moisture content of air) of a rising saturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom toward the top left. The MALR increases with height since saturated cold air has less moisture content than saturated warm air.

Saturation mixing ratio lines-Saturation mixing ratio lines- Lines of equal mixing ratio (mass of water vapor divided by mass of dry air -- grams per kilogram) These lines run from the bottom left to the top right and are DASHED. They are labeled on the bottom of the diagram.

Wind barbs- Wind speed (knots) and direction at various pressure levels. Plotted on the right of the diagram.

Fig. 7-1, p. 164

Fig. 7-2, p. 165

Fig. 7-3, p. 165

Fig. 4-10, p. 91

Fig. 7-8, p. 170

Fig. 7-7, p. 169

Fig. 7-9, p. 170

Fig. 2, p. 115

Fig. 6-29a, p. 159

Fig. 6-29b, p. 159

Fig. 6-29, p. 159

Fig. 6-15a, p. 149

Fig. 6-15b, p. 149

Fig. 6-15c, p. 149

Fig. 6-15d, p. 149

Fig. 6-15, p. 149

Fig. 6-16, p. 150

Fig. 6-18, p. 151

Fig. 6-19, p. 151

Table 5-2, p. 119

Fig. 5-23, p. 127