Post on 18-Jul-2015
transcript
OU 27 April 2015
identity and regret
Alan Dix
Talis & University of Birmingham
http://alandix.com/
OU 27 April 2015
about me
and what I do
OU 27 April 2015
University of
Birmingham
Tiree
Tiree Tech Wavenext October 2015
OU 27 April 2015
today I am not talking about …
• intelligent internet interfaces… and dot.com days …
• visualisation and sampling
• situated displays, eCampus,small device – large display interactions
• fun and games, virtual crackers,artistic performance, slow time
• creativity and Bad Ideas
• physicality & TouchIT
OU 27 April 2015
… or …
Alan
Walks
Wales
learning analytics
flip-classroom
and MOOCs
island data,
heritage and
comms
musicology
and the
long-tail of
small data
OU 27 April 2015
… or even lots of lights
http:/www.hcibook.com/alan/projects/firefly/
OU 27 April 2015
... but I will talk about
... a few old things about privacy and information
more about ..
understanding regret
the emergence of selfwork in progress
using computational
modeling
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… a few old things …
OU 27 April 2015
privacy is not monotonic
usual approach – minimise leakage
… but …
restricting / deleting / ignoring some information
may make other information more sensitive
A. J. Dix (1990). Information processing, context and privacy.
Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT'90.
http://alandix.com/academic/papers/int90/
OU 27 April 2015
algorithms have accidental values
machine learning / neural nets may infer rules that:
may not be ethicaland
may not be legal
e.g. jobs and gender discrimination
learning analytics & student progress
A. Dix (1992). Human issues in the use of pattern recognition techniques.
In Neural Networks and Pattern Recognition in Human Computer Interaction.
http://alandix.com/papers/neuro92/neuro92.html
OU 27 April 2015
modelling regret
OU 27 April 2015
K: “do you know the most destructive force
in the universe”
J: “sugar?”
K: “no regret”
Men in Black 3
OU 27 April 2015
why regret?
it seems such a negative emotion
is there some adaptive reason for it?
... or just an accident
OU 27 April 2015
features of regret
• modal/counterfactual “what if” analysis
• worst when you ‘nearly’ averted disaster
• seems to be about learning
so how do we learn ....
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
emotion
(3) evaluation
ow! it hurts!
(4) learnt association
touching thorn
is bad
(1) touch thorn (2) thorn pricks
finger
basic reactions - learning
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
emotion
(4) veto
(2) learnt association
‘fires’
No action!
(1) about to
touch thorn
(3) bad feeling
basic reactions – moderating action
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
(3) learnt
association fires
(1) imagination of
planned action
(2) causes similar
brain activity to
actually doing it!
emotion
(4) veto
basic reactions – moderating intention
OU 27 April 2015
only works for instant effects
so what about delayed effects?
(e.g. poisonous plant)
need imagination!
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
emotion
(3) evaluation
“that hurts”
(1) touch plant (2) some time
later your finger
is sore
why?
(4) desire to
make sense
delayed effect – the gap
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction(7) learnt association
don’t touch that plant
why?
(5) recent salient events
brought to mind
(6) causes simultaneous
activation in
relevant areasemotion
delayed effect – bringing to mind
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
(3) evaluation
yuck :-((7) learnt association
drinking beer is yucky
(1) drink beer (2) next morning
feel sick
(4) desire to
make sense
why?
(5) recent salient events
brought to mind
(6) causes simultaneous
activation in
relevant areasemotion
delayed effect – put it together
OU 27 April 2015
and now regret ...
similar but also:
causal connections
moderating emotions
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
emotion
(3) evaluation
yuck :-(
(1) drink beer (2) next morning
feel sick
why?
(4) desire to
make sense
regret – the gap
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction
(7) learnt association
even though action
not obviously linked
or most salient
(5) imagination
causes simultaneous
activation in
relevant areas
emotion
(4) logical deduction of
what mattered
determines what is
brought to mind
(6) causes negative
emotion
“if only I hadn’t”… regret
regret – casual thinking
OU 27 April 2015
sensesaction(7) learnt association
stronger or weaker
depending on
strength of emotion
(5) imagination
causes simultaneous
activation in
relevant areas
emotion
(4) logical deduction of
what mattered
determines what is
brought to mind
(6) logical deduction
of how much
it matters influences
strength of emotion
regret – modifying emotion
OU 27 April 2015
but is it true?
if I were a psychologist
I would run an experiment
if I were a brain scientist
I would do a scan
but as a computer scientist ...
... build a computer model
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model architecture
game
mechanics
stimulus
cards dealt
response
stick/twist
effect
win/lose
SRE
assoclookup and
choose
emotionupdate plug-in
regret
module
post-hoc info.
further cards dealt
modify
basic ML module
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it works!
faster (not better) learning
OU 27 April 2015
the data
no regret
iteration %best
50 87.47
100 94.43
500 97.27
1000 97.94
with regret
iteration %best
50 90.05
100 97.31
150 97.94
1000 98.60
OU 27 April 2015
… and then fixation …
virtual re-exposure …
… and links to dreams, imagination, creativity, etc.
OU 27 April 2015
a sense of self
OU 27 April 2015
theory of mind
“Little does she know
that I know that she knows
That I know she’s two-timin’ me”Kursaal Flyers – 1976 (Top 20 hit!)
OU 27 April 2015
ToM – conventional view
1 we know our own minds
OU 27 April 2015
ToM – conventional view
1 we know our own minds
2 we imagine ourselves
in other’s heads
OU 27 April 2015
ToM – conventional view
1 we know our own minds
2 we imagine ourselves
in other’s heads
3 … and attribute thoughts,
intentions, goals
OU 27 April 2015
an alternative account
how do we have the cognitive machinery of self?
look for plausible phylogenic process
also ontogenic parallels in child development
OU 27 April 2015
predicting actions of animals
1 animals think
and react
2 hunter models
animals’
thoughts
to predict
reactions
OU 27 April 2015
predicting actions of humans
1 other people
have models
of us thinking
2 to predict their
reactions we
need model of
them thinking
3 so we get a
model of
ourselves
thinking
OU 27 April 2015
self is an accident of sociality
I is in the eye of an other
OU 27 April 2015
implications (for AI/robotics) …
consciousness
– model TOM first
– consciousness (of self) may follow
emotion
– interpret others’ emotions & model impact of emotion display
– ‘feelings’ may follow
ethics
– when are machines ethical agents?
(a) when we treat them as such?
(b) when they understand we treat them as such?
OU 27 April 2015
privacy
regret
self