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Gender Issues and livelihood in drought prone rice farming households in Odisha
DIPTIMAYEE JENADEBDUTT BEHURAOrissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA
Presented at the National Workshop on Gender-Just Food and Nutrition Security in India, 29th August 2016, IFPRI, New Delhi
AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF ODISHA WITH THE SELECTED DISTRICTS
Selection of sample respondentsDistrict Block Village Number of
Households
Sample Numbers
Balangir Muribahal Dagarpada 27 54
Jamuna 23 46
Nayagarh Ranapur Kiapala 33 66
Kusapala 17 34
Demographic Profile of the respondent farmersDescriptors
Average age (in years)
Principal male 45
Principal female 39
Average years in school (in years)
Principal male 3
Principal female 1
Average years in farming (in years)
Principal male 22
Principal female 17
Caste(%)
Backward class 15
Scheduled caste 19
Tribal 66
Average household size (No.) 5
Land profile of Rice farming Households
Descriptors Area in ha
Average land area 2.60
Rainfed area 2.48
Irrigated area 0.12
Partially irrigated area .
During Kharif season Normal Year (in ha)
Total rice area cultivated 0.66
Owned rice farmland 0.54
Leased in rice farm land 0.12
During Kharif season drought Year (in ha)
Total rice area cultivated 0.62
Owned rice farmland 0.52
Leased in rice farm land 0.10
During Rabi season Normal Year (in ha)
Total rice area cultivated 0.04
Owned rice farmland 0.04
During Rabi season drought Year (in ha)
Total rice area cultivated 0.03
Owned rice farmland 0.03
Characterization of drought situation at the selected sites
Items Events
Recent major drought year 2011
Frequency Once in 2–3 years, increased over 30%
during the recent years
Duration 30–45 days
Timing June-July (early),
Sept.-Oct. (terminal)
Stage of crop growth(rice) Planting, tillering, maturity
% Yield loss in case of rice during
drought year
69 %
Availability of rice during normal years 6-9 months
Availability of rice during drought years 2-3 months
Percentage share of average annual income
during normal and drought yearSource of income Normal Year Drought Year
Crop production
Sales from rice 4 1
Sales from 2nd important crop 11 6
Sales from vegetables 4 2
Sales from other crops 3 2
Livestock production
Sales from large animals 0 9
Sales from small animals/poultry 4 6
Sales from animal by-products 5 5
Off-farm income
Wages from off-farm income 8 4
Non-farm income
Remittances 11 13
Wage labour 13 14
Private job/service 14 14
Trade and business 16 14
Pension 4 5
Products from forest 3 4
Impact of Drought
Crop loss Scarcity of
drinking water
Threats of
sustainable
livelihood
Decrease food production Decrease of
financial resource
Unemployment Migration of malemembers
More workload of women & children
food & nutrition insecurity
Leads to distresssale of assets
Increase rate of IMR & MMR
Decline in crop area under cultivation
Impact of drought on crop productionCrop name Normal year Drought year
Wet seasonDry season
Wet seasonDry season
Area (ha)
Production
(kg)
Area
(ha)
Production
(kg)
Area
(ha) Production (kg)
Area
(ha)
Production
(kg)
Rice 0.66 1588.25 0.04 136.00 0.62 459.70 0.03 94.50
Blackgram 0.17 76.11 0.00 0.00 0.16 22.89 0.00 0.00
Cashew 0.14 52.19 0.00 0.00 0.14 39.38 0.00 0.00
Cotton 0.51 929.41 0.00 0.00 0.51 541.18 0.00 0.00
Gram 0.00 0.00 0.10 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Greengram 0.17 82.50 0.08 25.00 0.17 16.25 0.08 12.50
Horsegram 0.25 92.50 0.00 0.00 0.17 18.38 0.00 0.00
Pigeon pea 0.61 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 62.50 0.00 0.00
Vegetables 0.09 1071.05 0.00 26.32 0.09 600.00 0.00 26.32
Gender’s observed changes on various social and agricultural key components due to severe drought(%)
Component Men Women
No change Increase Decrease No change Increase Decrease
Changes in the
amount of meat 46 13 41 39 18 43
Changes in the
amount of milk 58 6 36 66 6 28
Changes in the
amount of fodder 15 0 85 14 0 86
Change in fish
consumption 56 10 34 59 8 33
Availability of
irrigation water 32 0 68 30 0 70
Food availability 53 0 47 55 0 45
Drinking water 82 0 18 74 0 26
Quality of drinking
water 80 0 20 75 0 25
Quality of food 100 0 0 10 0 90
Human health 14 0 86 13 0 87
Loan acquisition 16 84 0 20 80 0
Changes in rice farming activities among men and women due to changing climate in drought-prone areas
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Increased
Decreased
No change
Changes in livestock management practices among men and women due to changing climate in drought-prone areas
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Increased
Decreased
No change
Changes in off and non farm activities among men and women due to changing climate in drought-prone areas
Activities % of respondents
Increased Decreased No change
Off-farm activity
Worked as agricultural labor 24 59 17
Non-farm activity
Construction 91 0 9
Shops 67 0 33
Sale of fuel wood 44 40 16
Transport labourer 60 0 40
Crusher unit labourer 50 0 50
Coping strategy of men and women during extreme climatic variability during drought
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ch
ange
in r
ice
vari
ety/
ies
Ch
ange
in C
E m
eth
od
fro
m T
PR
to
…
Sow
ing/
pla
nti
ng
dat
e
See
din
g ra
te
Sto
rin
g se
ed
s
Ch
ange
in c
rop
pin
g p
atte
rn
Shif
t fr
om
cro
ps
to li
vest
ock
Gro
w m
ore
cas
h c
rop
s
Gro
w m
ore
kin
ds
of
cro
ps
Gro
w in
pu
t-sa
vin
g cr
op
s
Ad
just
pla
nti
ng
acti
viti
es
Cu
ltiv
ate
sm
alle
r ar
ea t
han
usu
al
Res
ow
wh
en c
rop
s d
amag
ed
Rep
lan
t w
he
n c
rop
s d
amag
ed
Bu
ild h
igh
er d
ikes
aro
un
d t
he
ric
e…
Leav
e a
s fa
llow
Mig
rati
ng
Loo
k fo
r w
age
lab
or
Acq
uir
e lo
an
Take
su
pp
ort
fro
m r
elat
ive
s/fr
ien
ds
Mo
rtga
ge la
nd
Sell
asse
ts
Spe
nd
less
Sick
ass
ista
nce
fro
m t
he
…
Sto
re f
oo
d a
nd
oth
er
bas
ic…
Acq
uir
e c
rop
insu
ran
ce
Sale
of
fue
l wo
od
Co
llect
ion
an
d s
elli
ng
of
NTF
P
Never
Very seldom
Seldom
Often
Very often
Constraints among women in responding to severe drought
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Highly affected
Slightly affected
Neither unaffectednor affected
Slightly unaffected
Highly unaffected
Gender involvement in Rice farming
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nayagarh
Balangir
Overall
Gender involvement in Vegetable cultivation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nayagarh
Balangir
Overall
Gender involvement in Livestock Management
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Nayagarh
Balangir
Overall
Conclusion• Drought is a recurring event in the rainfed rice-growing areas of Odisha.• Farmers use various coping mechanisms to deal with the consequences
of drought. These coping mechanisms are, however, inadequate toprevent a reduction in income and consumption, especially of the poorand vulnerable groups.
• Impact of drought on livelihood resulted in food insecurity, moreworkload, increased health problems, loss of off farm wages, and morehardship of getting livelihood options. Women suffer more difficultiesthan men as they have to fulfil their multiple roles as farmers, farmermanagers, income earners, etc. On gender perspective, drought imprintslivelihood insecurity, nutritional insecurity thus malnutrition, healthhazards, shift in responsibilities, shift in activity, hardship in farmactivities-high drudgery because of incidence of weed and pests,occupational hazards, increased hardship for arranging food, drinkingwater, fodder etc, increased anxieties and stress and overall increasedindebtedness.
Policy options
• Farmers will continue to grow rice despite the frequentrisks because of drought to ensure family food security. Inthe recent years, several ‘climate-ready’ varieties tolerantto submergence, drought and salinity have been released.Thus government and agricultural research institutionsshould provide men and women farmers equal access to‘climate-ready’ technologies. Agricultural extensionprograms should also involve women in agriculture-related training programs and agri-based incomegenerating activities and be more resilient to the negativeeffects of climate change. There is also a need to providewomen with drudgery-reducing technologies to easewomen’s burden and improve their health and nutritionstatus.
• THANK YOU