ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION & TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND...

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ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION &TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED

CRIME RELATIONS

Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D.

Migration types and illegal immigration

Illegal immigration and countries

Illegal immigration & organized crime nexus

Migrant smuggling Human trafficking

Outline

Geography; International-Domestic

Reason; Forced-Voluntary

Duration; Short-term-Long-term

Size; Individual-Family-Mass

Statute; Legal-Illegal

Migration Types

Migrating to another country without having legal documentation and permissions

Illegal entry, exit, or stay Illegal work without any social security Why?

Illegal Immigration

Developing Countries

World’s Population Trends (2000-2030)

Potential Migration Routes

Developed Countries

-3.2% -5%

Population Increase rate 33%(From 6 billion to 8 billion)

• 22 million people “on the move” any time• 2.5 million illegal immigrants live in EU• 12 million illegal immigrants lives in USA• 1.5 million Syrian asylum-seekers are existed• 2.5 million Afghan asylum-seekers live in

Pakistan; 2.4 million in İran

Migration Trends

Migration Routes

• For target countries; • Need for Cheap Labor and Young Population• Brain Drain• Need for International Support• For source countries;• Money Transfers; 450 Billion Dollar remittances• Returns; Knowledge, Vision, Skills, Contacts-

Networks• Diaspora; Political Support

Advantages of Migration

• For transit and target countries; • Living population of undocumented & temporary

illegal migrants• Political pressure from the West• Deportation procedures and damage on state budget• Existence of organize crime networks

Disadvantages of Illegal Migration

Movements

Nexus between Illegal Migration

& Organized Crime

Illegal Immigration

Migrant Smuggling

Trafficking

“Modern Day Slavery” The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or

receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person,

For the purpose of “exploitation”. Exploitation includes, sexual exploitation, forced labor or

services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

Human Trafficking

Girls-women are “illegally” transported to other countries by deceit;

Boys-girls-women are forced to “move” from one place to another

Transported people are forced to “work” in illegal status

Human Trafficking

“Human Cargo”• The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or

indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident

Migrant Smuggling

Migrants are transported via sea or land vehicles

Smugglers provide “forged or falsified travel documents”

Smugglers provide “accommodation” facilities within a country

Migrant Smuggling

HUMAN TRAFFİCKİNG

MIGRANT SMUGGLING

Illegal Entry-Stay

Illegal Work

Human Rights Abuses

Exploitation

International Transportation

Differences & Similarities

Conclusion

Illegal Immigration & Organized Crime

Illegal Immigrants are regarded as “non-criminals”

Illegal Immigrants may turn to be “victims” of trafficking

Illegal Immigration movements usually ends in loss, damage and disappointment

Illegal immigrants are usually captured and/or deported

Smuggers/traffickers are “criminals” Smugglers/traffickers, though, make huge

profits

Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D.oodemir@egm.gov.tr

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