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DIGITAL
IMAGE
PROCESSING
BY
M.NIKITA
3rd year
CSE
JBIET
Email:
nikita_motkur@yahoo.com
Phone no:
9298406222
SONAM MODANI
3rdyear
IT
JBIET
Email:
sonam_modani@yahoo.com
Phone no:
9885594307
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INDEX
Topic Page no
Abstract
1. Introduction 1
2. History 1
3. Categories 3
4. Image Viewing & types 4
5. Digital Image Editing 6
6. Editing Programs &
Digital DataCompression 7
7. Image Editor Features 8
8.Advantages 10
9. Disadvantages 11
10.Conclusion 11
11.Referrences 11
Abstract:
By using Digital Image
Processing we enhance the digital images
and extracting information and features
from the image. Digital Image Processing
has become the most common form of
image processing, and it is generally used
because it is not only the most versatile
method,but also the cheapest. This is one
type of image processing and it used for
editing the digital images which are taken
from the digital cameras. This technology
is more useful in the investigation in Crime
Branch. Digital Image Processing has the
advantages as a wider range of algorithm
to be applied to the input data and can
avoid the problems such as build-up of
noice and signal distortion during processing. For this the NASA and US
military have developed advanced
computer software. By using this software
improve the clarity of and amount of detail
visible in still and video images.
The main feature of this technology
is Digital Image Editing. Image Editors are
provide the means for altering and
improving images in an all most endless
number of time. They accepts images in
large variety of image formats. The other
features of this technology is Image Size
Alteration, Cropping on Image, Removal
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of Noice and unwanted elements, merging
of images and finally color adjustments.
And in this paper we present
categories of digital image processing,
Image Compression, Image viewing and
image types, and digital image editing,
and finally advantages and
disadvantgages of digital image
processing.
IMAGE PROCESSING:
Image processing is enhancing
image or extracting information or features
from an image. Any activity that
transforms an input image into an output
image. The manipulation and alteration of
images using computer software.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING :
Digital image processing is the use
of computerto perform on. Digital image
processing has the same advantages (over
analog image processing) as has (over
analog signal processing) -- it allows a
much wider range of algorithms to be
applied to the input data, and can avoid
problems such as the build-up of noise and
signal distortion during processing.
DIGITAL IMAGE :
A digital image is a representation
of a two-dimensionalas a finite set of
values, called picture elements or.
Typically, the pixels are stored in computer
memory as a or a two-dimensional array
of small integers. These values are often
transmitted or stored in a form.
Digital images can be by a variety
of input devices and techniques, such as,
scanners, coordinate-measuring
machines, seismographic profiling,
airborne radar,and more.
It is an image that was acquired
through scanners or captured from digital
cameras. The most common kind of digital
image processing is digital image editing.
HISTORY:
Because of the computational load
of dealing with images containing
millions of pixels, digital image
processing was largely of academic
interest until the 1970s, when
dedicated hardware became available
that could process images in real
time, for some dedicated problems
such as television standards
conversion. As general-purpose
computers became faster, they
started to take over the role of
dedicated hardware for all but the
most specialized and compute-
intensive operations.
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With the fast computers and signal
processors available in the 2000s, digital
image processing has become the most
common form of image processing, and is
generally used because it is not only the
most versatile method, but also the
cheapest.
DIGITAL PROCESSING OF
CAMERA IMAGES :
Images taken by popular digital
cameras often need processing to improve
their quality, a distinct advantage digital
cameras have over film cameras. The
digital image processing is done by special
software programs that manipulate the
images is many ways. This process is
performed in a "digital darkroom", which
is not really a darkroom as it is
accomplished via a computer and
keyboard.
REASONS FOR INTRODUING
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
Few types of evidence are more
incriminating than a photograph or
videotape that places a suspect at a crime
scene, whether or not it actually depicts the
suspect committing a criminal act. Ideally,
the image will be clear, with all persons,
settings, and objects reliably identifiable.
Unfortunately, though, that is not always
the case, and the photograph or video
image may be grainy, blurry, of poor
contrast, or even damaged in some way.
In such cases, investigators may
rely on computerized technology that
enables digital processing and
enhancement of an image. The U.S.
government, and in particular, the military,
the FBI, and the National Aeronautics
and Space Agency (NASA), and more
recently, private technology firms, have
developed advanced computer software
that can dramatically improve the clarity of
and amount of detail visible in still and
video images. NASA, for example, used
digital processing to analyze the video of
the Challenger incident.
HOW CAN WE PROCESS AN IMAGE
?
The first step in digital image
processing is to transfer an image to a
computer, digitizing the image and turning
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it into a computer image file that can be
stored in a computer's memory or on a
storage medium such as a hard disk or CD-
ROM. Digitization involves translating the
image into a numerical code that can be
understood by a computer. It can be
accomplished using a scanner or a video
camera linked to a frame grabber board in
the computer.
The computer breaks down the
image in to thousands of pixels. Pixels arethe smallest component of an image. They
are the small dots in the horizontal lines
across a television screen. Each pixel is
converted into a number that represents the
brightness of the dot. For a black-and-
white image, the pixel represents different
shades between total black and full white.
The computer can then adjust the pixels to
enhance image quality.
CATEGORIES OF DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
The Three main categories of digital
image processing are:
Image Compression is a mathematical
technique used to reduce the amount
of computer memory needed to
store a digital image. The computer
discards (rejects) some information,
while retaining sufficient information
to make the image pleasing to the
human eye.
Enhancement Image enhancement
techniques can be used to modify the
brightness and contrast of an image, to
remove blurriness, and to filter out
some of the noise. Using mathematical
equations called algorithms, the
computer applies each change to either
the whole image or targets a particular
portion of the image.
For example, global contrast
enhancement would affect the entire
image, whereas local contrast
enhancement would improve the
contrast of small details, such as a face
or a license plate on a vehicle. Some
algorithms can remove background
noise without disturbing the key
components of the image.
Measurement Extractionis used to
gather useful information from an
enhanced image.
IMAGE VIEWING:
The user can utilize different
program to see the image. The GIF, JPEG
and PNG images can be seen simply using
a web browser because they are the
standard internet image formats. The SVG
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format is more and more used in the web
and is a standard W3C format.
IMAGE TYPES :
Digital images can be classified
according to the number and nature of
those samples:The term digital image is
also applied to data associated to points
scattered over a three-dimensional region,
such as produced by tomographic
equipment. In that case, each datum is
called a voxel.
TYPES OF IMAGES :
1. Binary Image :
A binary image is a digital image
that has only two possible values
for each pixel. Binary images are also called bi-
levelortwo-level.
A binary image is usually stored in
memory as a bitmap, a packed
array of bits.
A binary image is also a compiled
version of source code in Linux and
Unixes
2. Gray Scale: In computing, a grayscale
or greyscaledigital imageis an image
in which the value of each pixel is a
single sample.Grayscale images are
distinct from black-and-white
images, which in the context of
computer imaging are images with
only two colors, black and white;
grayscale images have many shades of
gray in between. In most contexts
other than digital imaging, however,
the term "black and white" is used in
place of "grayscale";
For example, photography in
shades of gray is typically called "black-and-whitephotography". The term
monochromatic in some digital imaging
contexts is synonymous with grayscale,
and in some contexts synonymous with
black-and-white.
3. Color Image: A (digital) color image is
a digital image that includes color
information for each pixel.For visually
acceptable results, it is necessary (and
almost sufficient) to provide three samples
(color channels) for each pixel, which are
interpreted as coordinates in some color
space. The RGB color space is commonly
used in computer displays, but other spaces
such as YUV, HSV, and are often used in
other contexts. Color Image
Representation : A color image is usually
stored in memory as a raster map, a two-
dimensional array of small integer triplets;
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or (rarely) as three separate raster maps.
The same picture in three different colormodes. The picture on the left is the
original photograph, in full color. The
picture in the center is in grayscale. The
picture on the right is in black and white,
or monochrome.
4. False Color : For military operations
under a false flag, seefalse colors.
This "true color" image shows the
same region as the "false color" image
above, but uses true colors, e.g., the plants
are shown in green.A false-color image is
an image that depicts a subject in colors
that differ from human perception of the
same subject. Also known as a pseudo-
color image, it is derived from a greyscale
image by mapping each pixel value to a
color according to a table or function..
Although false-coloring does not
increase the information contents of the
original image, it can make some details
more visible, by increasing the distance in
color space between successive gray
levels.
For example, a photographic
negative could be called a false-color
image, since it shows the complementary
colors of its subject. However, the term
"false-color" is typically used to describe
images whose colors represent measured
intensities outside the visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum .False-color
images are frequently used for viewing
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A "false color" image showing the
Chesapeake Bay and the city ofBaltimore.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyscalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum8/8/2019 Image Processng
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satellite images, such as from weather
satellites.
5. Multi Spectral Image: Multi-spectral
images are images of the same object,
taken in different bands of visible or
infrared region of electromagnetic
continum. This is the main type of images
acquired by Remote sensing (RS)
radiometers. Multi-spectral is the opposite
of panchromatic. Usually satelites have 3
to 7 or more radiometers. Each oneacquires one digiral image in a small band
of visible spectra.
6. Thematic Image : Thematic images are
usually image products of
classification processing of
multispectral images of the earth
surface. The classification process
differentiates types of surface such as
land, water,forest, lake, structure etc.
DIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:
Digital image editing is the
process ofaltering digital images,
whether they be digital photographs or
other types of digitally represented images.
Specialised software programs
called vector graphics editors or bitmap
graphics editors are the primary tools with
which a user may manipulate, enhance,
and transform images. These editors are
capable of editing images in many diverse
ways.
BASICS OF DIGITAL IMAGE
EDITING:
Bitmap images are stored in a
computer in the form of a grid of picture
elements called pixels. These pixels
contain the image's color and brightness
information. Image editors can change the
pixels to enhance the image in many ways.
The pixels can be changed as a group, or
individually, by the sophisticated
algorithms within the image editors.
IMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:
Because of the popularity ofdigital
cameras, image editing programs are
readily available. Minimal programs, that
do such operations as rotating and
cropping (image)s are often provided
within the digital camera itself, others are
returned to the user on a compact disc
(CD) when images are processed at a
discount store.
DIGITAL DATA COMPRESSION:
Many image file formats use data
compression to reduce file size and save
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storage spce. Digital compression of
images may take place in the camera, or
can be done in the computer with the
image editor. When images are stored in
JPEG format, compression has already
taken place. Both cameras and computer
programs allow the user to set the level of
compression.
Some compression algorithms are
lossless, such as PNG, which means no
image quality is lost when the file is saved.The JPEG compression algorithm uses a
lossy format. The greater the compression,
the lesser the quality. The JPEG algorithm
utilizes the way the brain and eyes
perceive colour to make loss of detail less
noticeable.
IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES:
Listed below are some of the most
used capabilities of the better graphic
manipulation programs. The list is by no
means all inclusive. There are a myriad of
choices associated with the application of
most of these features.
Image Size Alteration: Image
editors can resize an image,
making it larger, or smaller. High
image resolution cameras can
produce large images which are
often reduced in size for Internet
use. Image editor programs use a
mathematical process called re-
sampling to calculate new pixel
values whose spacing is larger or
smaller than the original pixel
values..
Cropping An Image: Digital editors are
used to crop images. Cropping
creates a new image by removing a
desired rectangular portion from the
image being cropped. The unwanted
part of the image is discarded. Image
cropping does not reduce the
resolution of the area cropped.
Noise Removal: Image editors may
feature a number of algorithms
which can add or remove noise in
an image. JPEG artifacts can beremoved; dust & scratches can be
removed and an image can be
despeckled. Noise tends to invade
images when pictures are taken in
low light settings.
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John and Bertha
Phillips - 1910
Special Effects: Image editors usually have
a list of special effects that can create
unusual results. Images may be
skewed and distorted in various
ways. Scores of special effects can
be applied to an image which include
various forms of distortion, artistic
effects, geometric and texture
effects, and combinations thereof.
An example of some special effects
that can be added to a picture.
Change Color Depth: It is
possible, using software, to change
the color depth of images. Common
color depths are 2, 16, 256, and 16
million colors. The JPEG and PNG
image formats are capable of
storing 16.7 million colors (equal to
256 luminance values per color
channel). In addition, grayscale
images of 8 bits or less can be
created, usually via conversion and
downsampling from a full color
image.
An example of converting
an image from color to grayscale.
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Lens Correction: Photo manipulation
packages have functions to correct
images for various lens distortions
inclduing pincushion, fisheye and
barrel distortions. The corrections are
subtle, but can improve the
appearance of some photographs.
Contrast Change And Brightening:
Image editors have provisions to change
the contrast of images and brighten or
darken the image. Many an
underexposed image can be improved by
using this feature. only pixels below a
particular luminosity threshold are
brightened, thereby brightening
underexposed shadows without affecting
the rest of the image.
Sharpening And Softening Images:
Graphics programs can be used to
both sharpen and blur images in a
number of ways. Edge
enhancement is an extremely
common technique used to make
images appear sharper, although
many purists frown on the end result
as less natural-looking.
Color Adjustments: The color of images
can be altered in a variety of ways.
The color balance can be improved,
colors and be faded in and out, and
tones can be changed. Special
effects, like sepia and grayscale can
be added to an image.
ADVANTAGES:
1. One of the biggest advantages of
digital imaging is the ability of the
operator to manipulate the pixel
shades to correct image density and
contrast, is called Post-Processing.
And perform other processing
functions that could result in
improved diagnosis and fewer
repeated examinations.
2. Digital imaging allows the
electronic transmission of images
to third-party providers, referring
dentists, consultants, and insurance
carriers via a modem.
3. Digital imaging is also
environmentally friendly since it
does not require chemical
processing. It is well known that
used film processing chemicals
contaminate the water supply
system with harmful metals such as
the silver found in used fixer
solution.
4. Radiation dose reduction is also a
benefit derived from the use of
digital systems. Some
manufacturers have claimed a 90%
decrease in radiation exposure, but
the real savings depend on
comparisons.
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DISADVANTAGES:
There are also disadvantages
associated with the use of digital systems.
1. The initial cost can be high
depending on the system used, the
number of detectors purchased, etc.
2. Competency using the software can
take time to master depending on
the level of computer literacy of
team members. Finally, since
digital imaging in dentistry is not
standardized, professionals are
unable to exchange information
without going through an
intermediary process.
CONCLUSION:
Image editors provide the means
for altering and improving images in an
almost endless number of ways. They
accept images in a large variety of image
formats, and after changes are made they
allow the changed image to be saved in
any number of image formats, at almost
any size, and in varying degrees of
compression. Most serious digital camera
users will find the facilities of an image
editor indispensable.
REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_in
formation.
www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july200
1/swigt.htm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digitalimag
eprocessing.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_informationhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/swigt.htm