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The impact of Darfur conflicts onthe future of communal
grazing in North Darfur State.
والية يالمشاع ف يدارفور على مستقبل الرع يف اعاتالنزأثر
شمال دارفور
By: Ismail. M. AhmedIsmail¹. Osama. E. Yassin², Elgili .M³ and
Ibrahim.A. Elnour4
1- Dept. of Animal production, College of Natural Resources and
Environmental Science, ElFashir University, Sudan, E-mail:
abuareege@gmail.com, mobile: 0912829694 FAX +2497314211, P.Box:125
ElFashir, Sudan
2- Dept. Of animal Production, College of Animal Production and Technology-
Sudan University of Science and Technology
3- Dept. of Developmental Studies, College of Animal Production and
Technology- Sudan University of Science and Technology
4- Dep. Forestry and Pastures Science, College of Natural Resources and
Environmental Science, ElFashir University, Sudan
:مستخلص
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.يف براذاينوضاعذذةذداف اسرل يلذذو ذاسضروأذمبكا ذال
Abstract
This study was carried out during the period from October 2010 to
June, 2011 in Malha and Kuma Localities, North Darfur State to
highlight the impact of ongoing conflicts on livestock communal
grazing. Field data were collected through observation, structured
interviews with random samples of key informants persons and filling
questionnaires, as well as information gathered from secondary
sources. Collected Data was analyzed by SPSS to descriptive
statistics. The study revealed that, insecurity was the main handicap of
livestock grazing that, caused sharp reduction in number of livestock
owned from an average of 407 heads per household to 55heads per
household. Seasonal migration of livestock was also threatened and
only 34% of pastoralists in the study areas follow specific animal
routes during livestock movements. The traditional system of land
tenure and use as Hakora system according to 69% of respondents
was one of communal grazing constrains in addition to illegal
enclosures (zarayebElhawa) has percentage of about 42%, early free
grazing on cultivated area (taliq) at percentage of 40% and crops
00
residues are hardly needed by farmers at percentages of 67% as
feedstuffs for their animals and 26% for sale as source of income.
Hence, livestock grazing pattern in the study area is mainly dependent
on communal grazing which becomes one of the conflict factors
between pastoralists themselves on one side and between pastoralists
and sedentary farmers on the other. Thus, the interference of
governmental and private sectors investments, to improve, pastures
and animal breeds, through animal ranches are so important for peace
settlement in Darfur.
Keywords: Routes, Pastoralists, Transhumances, Nomadism, Free
Grazing
Introduction
Greater Darfur region mainly consists of four main climatic zones:
high rainfall savannah in the southern part with an average rainfall
(400- 800mm) per year, low rainfall savannah which located in the
Northern part of High rainfall Savannah with an average rainfall (200-
400mm) per year, semi- arid occupies the area between low rain fall
savannah and the desert. This area characterized by high fluctuations
of the rainfall (100- 300mm), and the Desert Zone which is
characterized by very low or no rainfall and high temperature
occupying the Northern part of the region.(Fadul2006),(Abdalla2008)
.These diverse climatic zones make the region a center of livestock
communal grazing. According to Elnour (2012) there are three types
of animal production systems in Darfur represented by Nomadic
system, semi nomadic and sedentary system. Each type has its pattern,
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advantages and disadvantages. Communal grazing systems are defined
as systems where communal grazing areas are the principal feed
resource base for livestock, where crop residues are grazed and where
animals are kept in a kraal or paddock at night. (Communal livestock
grazing system is mainly found in semi-arid, sub-humid and mountain
areas with a low population density, (Nilsson2001). According to
Abdalla(2002) most of livestock in Sudan graze on traditional grazing
systems through extensive system (communal grazing system), which
is characterized by the common pastures and water resources and
allowed to be used by every livestock owner and who can move to
whichever place to search for pastures and water sources.Fadul(2006)
reported that livestock production in Sudan in general and Darfur in
particular is based on communal grazing and use of crop residues by
all the community freely.
In Darfur, majority of livestock is owned by the
pastoralists.Ajeebet al (2010) reported that in Darfur, pastoralism is a
subsistence (economic) way of life adopted by nomads over years for
better utilization of the available communal natural resources (fodder
and water). There are two forms of pastoralism: 1) Nomadism: in
which nomads follow a seasonal migration pattern with their families;
they have no permanent settlements and they are usually self-
sufficient in terms of food and other necessities. 2) Transhumance: the
nomads follow a cyclical pattern of short migration distances. They
usually complement livestock herding with farming around their
encampment. Fadul (2011) reported that, Livestock raising in Darfur
04
is the first livelihood strategy to the nomadic and pastoralists and
second livelihood strategy for over 90% of sedentary farmers and
urban. Therefore no doubt to say that, all Darfurian are pastoralists
and livestock husbandry is the only difference between them.
Unfortunately stone aged husbandry system (communal grazing free
movement) is the denominator system practiced by all pastoralists in
which livestock move through certain pass ways called animal tracks
(routes).Helen et al (2009) stated that eleven migration routes are
traditionally used by the Northern Rizaygat in the Darfur region.
These extend from Wadi Howar and Wakhaim in far north, to Jabal
Marra and Rehid El Berdi in West and South Darfur States
respectively.Fadulet al (2011) reported that, animal routes and grazing
means free or communal grazing,is based on usage of crop residues
freely by all the community.
The importance of this study can be summarized as a critical study
for communal grazing in the future , because the conflicts broke the
traditional links between the pastoralists communities and sedentary
farmers communities on which the communal grazing is based. Hence
this study aimed to highlighten the impact of conflicts on traditional
mechanisms for continuity of communal grazing and to investigate
constraints that handicap communal grazing in Malha and Kuma
localities in North Darfur.
Material and Methods:
The study was conducted in North Darfur State (Kuma and
Malha) localities as a part of the areas known by pastoralist area, in
the period from October 2010 to June 2011.
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200 households of pastoralists were selected randomly to carry
out the study and the data collected through;
1) Focus Group discussion; three group discussion for men and
one group discussion for women in each locality were conducted
2) Key informants interview with native administration, herders
union, veterinary officers and agricultural union.
3) Filling of 200 household questionnaires on random basis.
4) Review of the former reports and studies on livestock grazing
and population in Sudan in general and Darfur in particular.
The data collected was concentrated on the number of livestock
owned by the household before and during conflict, type of livestock
raising, pattern of livestock movement and the routes in addition to
herders who follow specific animal route during their movement.
Collected Data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS) to calculate frequencies, descriptive statistics and
significant differences by Analysis of variance and T-test
Results and Discussion
1-Population of livestock in North Darfur State
The total population of livestock in North Darfur is estimated at
29,778,130 heads, distributed as 8,639,918 heads for cattle,
11,005,137 heads of sheep, 9,206,879 heads of goats and 9,261,96
heads for camels, in accordance to annual growth rate, 3.2, 3.3, 2.5
and 2.3 for cattle, Sheep, goats and camels, respectively depending on
the latest animal survey in Sudan in 1976 (Ministry of Animal
Resources North Darfur 2011). During the field work survey, key
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informants persons interviews and focus group discussion it appeared
that the process of estimating the population of livestock in the Sudan
adopted on 1976 animal survey in a large country with variable
climates and the late security disorder conditions, it is hard to give a
reasonable estimate of the size of livestock especially in North Darfur.
This is possibly due to:
a. Drought of 1983/1984 created climatic changes that lead to:
*Livestock mortality, being great in cattle and sheep and few in
camels.
*Shift from cattle grazing in most households to sheep and camels
grazing as in many areas in far north of North Darfur State as
happened at Ain-besaro North Malah, because cattle do not take stand
more than two days without drinking water compared to camels and
sheep. In addition sheep become better economic source and camels
can withstand harsh environments more than cattle.
b. Darfur conflicts which resulted in massive loss of livestock, and
helped in changes of livestock grazing types from camels to sheep in
many areas (e.g. around Meleet and Kuma).All this makes the process
of estimating the livestock population in Sudan in general and Darfur
in particular depending on survey of 1976 un- reasonable. Therefore
real comprehensive livestock survey is necessary and urgent because
livestock represents the cornerstone of Sudan economy.
2- Numbers of livestock owned by households
Table -1: shows that, the average numbers of the animals, owned
by investigated households, were 407±182.1 and 55±3.1 before the
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recent Darfur conflicts and after the conflicts respectively, with
significant differences.
Table-1: Animal population (in hundreds) before and after
conflicts
Issue Before the conflicts After the conflicts
Total 407±182.1 55±3.1*
Camels 168.4±27.7* 11.46±6.2*
Sheep 230±92.3* 9.27±2.17*
Goats 173.5±123.2* 27.8±12.1*
Cattle 9.5±7.01 1.63±0.6
*Significant ≤o.o5
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
The sharp reduction of the numbers of animals from 407 heads for
household to 55 heads (about 86.5% of the animals have been lost)
due to looting and distress selling. Even those who managed to save
their livestock were not able to keep them. Finally they have been
forced to sell them even at low prices to provide food or because they
were not able to provide pastures for them.Fadul (2006) mentioned
that in North Darfur due to successive millet harvest failures, the
people trade between animals and millet, the staple food in the region
where one sheep of six months for 1.5 sacks of millet and one year
male goat for 0.8 to 1 sack.
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3-Typesof Livestock owned by the households before the conflict
in the Study area
Figure (1) shows that about 40% of the pastoralists’
households in (Malha and Kuma) raised sheep and goats, 25%
raised cattle, sheep and goats together and 20% raised camels and
sheep, whereas 15% raised camels only. Thus the main types of
the livestock, raised by the pastoralists before the conflicts were
sheep and camel with total percentage of about 45% and 35% for
sheep and camels respectively this is because camels and sheep
are well adapted to the semi-aried climate which is dominant in
the northern parts of Northern Darfur especially the areas of
Malha and Kuma, sheep usually drink water every 5 days and 10
days during summer and winter respectively, whereas camels
drink every 10 to 20 in summer and winter respectively. Also
Camels can feed on shrubs that are not palatable for other
livestock types.
The lowest percentage of animal type was 25% for
households owned cattle, because cattle cannot stay without
drinking water more than two days. Therefore grazing cattle,
gather around water points which resulted in pasture deterioration
as observed around boreholes in Kuma and Malha areas.
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Figure (1): Types of livestock owned by the Household
before conflict
4-Type of the livestock raised by the studied groups during the
conflicts
During the ongoing conflict many household of the pastoralists,
specially nomads in North Darfur lost their livestock specially camels
and sheep. Figure, (2 ) shows that types of livestock raised during the
conflicts detailed as follow; 50% of households raised goats,
followed by sheep with percentage of 34% households, sheep and
goats9% and percentage of owning camels only 7%. The camels
raising was sharply dropped, according to key informant persons and
focus group discussion due to: a) looting during conflicts or distress
selling because many household were not able to keep their camels
specially women headed households. b) Keeping camels in certain
areas around the territories of homeland of the tribe due to the tensions
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between neighboring tribes. This could be seen obviously in Kuma
locality, whichis inhabited by, Ziadyyia nomadic tribe. This tribe used
to graze mainly camels and sheep in cyclic grazing turns from June to
August/ they move to south of railway around: Tolo, Jabir to
Babanosa in Kordofan. During September to October/ they return to
areas around their homeland.During winter they used to migrate to
extreme north to Juzzu area.But now all animals are kept inside their
homeland territories which resulted in outbreak of camel’s disease,
shortage of pasture high competition over water resources and pasture.
The ultimate results are loss of animal’s, reduction in animal
production and deterioration of rangelands lead to shifting from camel
grazing to sheep grazing which is economically better and easier in
management compared to camels.
Figure (2) Type of livestock raised by the household during the
conflict
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The high percentage of household raised goats at (50%) because
goats is the first line of household food security in Darfur as affirmed
by the study of pastoralist food security in north Darfur and conducted
by Fadulet al, (2011). Moreover, women headed households are the
main goat rearing households. This is because goats are easier to
manage by women in addition that goats raising requires small capital
for starting.
5-Communal grazing and pattern of livestock movement and
routes in the study area.
The livestock grazing and routes of communal grazing are those
areas wherepasture and crops are shared by all as mentioned by Fadul
(2006), the main animal routes of the nomads and transhumance in the
two localities (Kuma and Malha) from south to north and vice versa
according to the key informants Abdallajuzzu and Abu-Elkhier(2010)
are as follow :Tolo - Abuhimera borehole-Um-elhusien(gibaish) -
Eastern kuma - Sari mountain Um-Hegieleege -Mariega -Um
Dagour -MalhaWakhaim -Wadi-Howar.
These can be emphasized by what had been mentioned by Helen
et al (2009) who stated that eleven migration routes are traditionally
used by the Northern Rizaygat in the Darfur region. These extend
from Wadi-Howar and Wakhaim in the far north, to Jabal Marra and
Rehid El Berdi in West and South Darfur states, respectively. But
after the last conflicts of Darfur the situation has been changed as
shown in figure: 3: which explains that, 65.7% of the respondents
mentioned that they do not follow specific animal routes during
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livestock movement on their searching for pastures and water
resources and most of them in Kuma. On the other hand,34.3% of the
pastoralists mentioned that they follow specific animal routes during
herds movement and most of them in Malha because Malha locality
which is inhabited mainly by Meidoub Nomadic tribe, has a vast
grazing land on their own homeland and it is bordering the Juzzu
plants areas around Wadi-Hawar and Wakhayim in far northern parts
of North Darfur. Therefore the tension between the two neighboring
nomadic tribes has more influence on Ziadyyia in Kuma compare to
Midob,because they restricted the camels and sheep grazing inside
their homeland territories in the areas between Um-elhusien in south-
eastern parts to Nussub in northern boarders with Miedoub.According
to focus group discussions and key informants, this is the main reason
of reducing animal production capability and deteriorations of
pastures and disappearance of palatable grasses such as 1) Baghial:
(Blepharislinarfolia) 2)Ikrish: (Pappaphorumspp). 3)Bayiat:
(Commeliniakotschyi) 4) Rabaa: Zalyapentandra and replaced by
other grasses with low nutritive value as Haskaneet
:(Cenchrusbiflurs) BanoEragoristisasperaGaw:(Aristida -
mutabilis) and Nada (Cidacordifolia)
Pattern of livestock migration in the study area before the
conflicts in: a) Kuma: according to key informant persons;
Between June and July livestock move from Damars (around
Ziaddyia tribe home land) toward south to areas at Tulu, Jabir
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and sometimes to south Nyala railway to Riazghat home land
(so called Shougara trip)
Between September and October returns to areas around their
(Dar) homeland which called Marga( getting out).
Noshouq trip between December and January where they move
towards Juzzu areas far north of North Darfur state to areas of
Wadi-Hawar and Wakhayim.
The return trip to their dammar between March and April to
settled around water sources till the time of shougara
Figure (3) Herders following specific Animal routes during
livestock movement
Competition over water resources and outbreak of camels'
diseases as repeated widely through key informant persons and focus
group discussion at home of NazirJuzzu (2011) and emphasized by
Fadul (2011) in rapid assessment of livestock in North Darfur
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in(2011). Improvement of rangelands has become a necessity in
Malha and Kuma through seed broadcasting of desirable species
especially in the Nussub area between Malha and Kuma where
accumulation of large animals occurred with increasing water
sources.The rapid growth of donkeys as a result of displacement
becomes a real threat to rangelands, cultivation and drinking water as
well. According to Umelhussien borehole keeper in Kuma locality,
about 400 to 450 donkeys come to drink every day.
6-2: The problems facing communal grazing
Table (2) The frequency and frequency percentage of problems
facing the livestock during movement on the animal routes and
"Damars" No Problem On tracks (routes) On damars
frequencies percentage frequencies percentage
1 Insecurity 163 81.5 36 18
2 Shortage of
drinking water
19 9.5 19 9.5
3 Shortage of
pastures
18 9.0 109 54.5
4 Diseases 0 0 36 18
5 Total 200 100 200 100
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
Table (2)demonstrates the main constrains of communal grazing
with proportions varying between moving on routes and settling on
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damars.The most constrains occurred during movement of livestock
on routes, especially insecurity that represents 81.5% as the main
determinant of the movement of livestock on the routes. Blocking of
the animal routes in specific areas within tribe Dar had no clear
impact on livestock in Malha because it is spacious than Juzzu
areas,but the blocking of the livestock routes in Kuma has tangible
impact on livestock grazing especially camels that had declined in
numbers significantly.The recent conflict in Darfur results from
insecurity in many areas of pastoralists and tensions among tribes, led
to broad looting for camels and cattle, even those who managed to
save their livestock unfortunately were not able to find free range land
to graze their animals naturally especially camels. Therefore many
camels’ grazers shifted to graze sheep, which do not need to walk long
distances for grazing like camels and economically more beneficial
than camels
It is necessary to modernize livestock production systems through
animal ranches that provide adequate water sources and sufficient
pastures, veterinary services and education on scientific bases.
Drought is one of livestock production constrains, because pastures
growth and nutritive value depend on annual rainfall and its
distribution through the rainy season mostly from June to October.
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6-3: Causes of conflicts and communal grazing constrains
Table (3) Frequency percentage of stakeholders who agree or
disagree to conflict in the area
Reasons
No Causes Agree% Disagree% I don't
know%
1 Communal Grazing 49 29 22
2 Agri-expansion on grazing
lands
32 41 27
3 Rapid Growth of Livestock 53 29 18
4 Illegal enclosures 42 38 18
5 Too late Harvesting 23 54 23
6 Early free grazing on
cultivation area
40 42 18
7 Farming on routes and rest
area*1
30 34 36
8 Attacking farms by animal 46 39 15
9 Hakora System*2 69 5 26
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
Key:*1: Rest area (Sawany) an area of about 10 -15 km for Nomads
to stay for rest not more than 3-7 days during movement
*2Hakora (Dar): Tribe home land administrated by tribe top leader
Table 3 showed the main factors that led to conflicts as stated by the
respondents:
The important factors that causes the conflicts were Hakora system,
rapid growth of livestock, communal grazing, animal attacking crop
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farms and Illegal enclosures which represented 69%, 53%, 49% , 46%
and 42% respectively as mentioned by the respondents. Date of
communal grazing: setting time for the livestock to start grazing of
“al-Talaig” (the residues of the agricultural crops, 28 February or (1st
March) of every year.
Table (3) shows the answers of the respondents to the agreement or
disagreement questions about the causes of conflicts in the study area.
Hakora system as a cause of conflicts received the highest
percentage of agreement amounted to 69%, Hakora (Plural
Hawakeer) means tribal lands ownership as reported in Doha
Document for peace in Darfur (DDPD) (2011) sometimes
called (Dar)
According to Ajeebet al (2010) most of Darfurian tribes acquired
for themselves large territories of land Called (Hakora) or (Dar) it is
regarded as the property of the entire tribes and the chief of the tribe is
regarded as custodian of the property. For the sedentary farmers, land
is allotted to each member of the tribe for cultivation purposes, while
unused land is left to form shared resources for use by both farmers
and nomads.
After the recent armed conflict in Darfur, situation differed and
there was tension between the settled tribes and pastoralists as result
of failure to respect the customs and regulations and law breaking.
Rapid growth rate of livestock with percentage of agreement at
about 53% followed Hakora system
79
Livestock attacking farms at percentage of agreement about
46%
Illegal enclosures has percentage of agreement about 42%
Early free grazing on cultivation with percentage of 40%
Expansion of agriculture on range lands has percentage of
agreement about 32%
Farming on routes and rest areas has percentage of 30%
agreement.
Expansion of agriculture on pasture lands resulting into tightness
in grazing areas and animal routes. Rapid needs of sedentary farmers
to seeking fodders for their own animals and new income sources led
them to establish fences around pasture land (illegal enclosures) to
reserves pasture grass, which became one of the conflict causes
between sedentary famers and pastoralists. Early Communal grazing
before the specific time for crops harvesting and before setting time
for the livestock to start grazing of “al-Talaig” (the residues of the
agricultural crops) also is one of conflicts issues causes.
6-4- Usage of crop residues as communal grazing constrains
Table-4:The frequency and frequency percentages of
respondents regarding the usages of crops residues
No Usage Frequencies Percentage
1 Animal feedstuffs 68 68
2 Selling 29 29
4 Neglected 3 3
Total 100 100
Source: Fieldwork, (2011)
70
Table (4) shows the frequency and frequency percentages of
respondent reporting the usage of crops residues. About 68% of these
respondents and 29% mentioned that they use their crop residue for
animal feedstuffs and selling, respectively.Only 3% of the respondent
stated that they neglected the crops residues used by livestock during
communal grazing. The investigated persons mentioned that 29% of
the sedentary farmers usually sell their crop residue as a source of
income, therefore crop residues are no longer left to be grazed during
communal grazing and taliq. This is incompatible with what had been
documented by Nilsson (2001) and Fadul (2006), who stated that
communal grazing is based on crops residues, therefore, communal
gazing and the taliq has become one of the causes of conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers as animal grazers sometimes leave their
livestock to graze the farms before fixed date for the harvesting and
free grazing on 7 February each year, which was approved lastly
instead of 28 February.
Conclusion
Because livestock grazing in Darfur mainly depends on communal
grazing which, became one of the conflict factors between pastoralists
themselves on one side and between pastoralists and sedentary
farmers on the other. Thus, intervention of governmental and private
sector, for improving; pastures and animals breeds, through animal
ranches is so important for peace settlement in Darfur.
77
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Programme (WFP) in Collaboration with Elfashir University,
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7- Nilsson, Tabias, (2001), Management of Communal Grazing
lands, a case study in Tanzania. www.Scrib.com/doc.
8- Fadul.A. (2011).Rapid Livestock Assessment Report, Livestock
Working Group Ministry of Animal Resource and Fisheries-Norh
Darfur in Collaboration with FAO Elfashir
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power and Choice, the Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, in
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10- MOARAF-ND, (2011) Annual report Animal, Health Unit- North
Darfur.
11- Doha Document for peace in Darfur (DDPD) (2011)
1. Key person: (2011)AbdellahJuzzu (Nazir), Head of Ziadyia
Native Administration, Kuma Locality- North Darfur State
2. Key Person (2011) Ibrahim Abu Elkhair. Head of
Pastolalits Union, Malha Locality- North Darfur State.