NatioNalism & NatioNalism & imperialism imperialism

iN ChiNa aNd iN ChiNa aNd JapaN, 1815-1915JapaN, 1815-1915

CHINA

Manchu Emperor:Qing Dynasty

China closed to Foreign Trade:

-One port open-Limited Access-Silver only

Opium WarOpium War (1839-1842)(1839-1842)

Causes:Causes: British determined to break Chinese trade isolation

Sell Opium in ChinaSell Opium in China: to create certaincertain demand, and to avoid spending gold and silver

for Chinese products.

Opium!Opium! By 1838 about 40,000 chests of

opium shipped to China per year.

New Manchu law:New Manchu law: NO MORE NO MORE

OPIUM SALE OPIUM SALE OR USE IN OR USE IN CHINA!CHINA!

1839 - Chinese seized & destroyed British opium in Canton harbor.

British government considered this an ACT of WAR!!!ACT of WAR!!!

1839-1842- “First Opium War”

OpiumOpium WarWarssTreaty of Nanjing = Treaty of Nanjing = FirstFirst

““UNEQUAL TREATYUNEQUAL TREATY”” The British acquired Hong Kong as a colony,

not just trading rights!

ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality: British in China would be subject to British laws only; not Chinese.

Korea, Vietnam and Burma were released from Chinese tributary relationship /control

Silver began flowing outout of China.

Missionaries permitted to teach Christianity.

British gained rights to create more opium addicts!

Other countries wanted same privileges more “unequal” treaties

““SPHERES of SPHERES of INFLUENCEINFLUENCE” ”

European nations’ exclusive trading rights to parts of China.

subjugation and humiliation of China for 100 years.

ALL OF CHINA forced to OPEN TO ALL OF CHINA forced to OPEN TO EUROPEAN RELIGION & TRADEEUROPEAN RELIGION & TRADE

Significance?World saw World saw

China China unable to unable to keep British keep British out: weak.out: weak.

Chinese Chinese themselves themselves overthrew overthrew the the Manchu…Manchu…

Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

& & Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Chinese Chinese NATIONALISNATIONALIST “secret societies” T “secret societies” Tried to drive out the Tried to drive out the WesternersWesterners & & overthrow the overthrow the ManchuManchu.

Put down by Put down by Western troopsWestern troops. . Why did the West want the Manchu Why did the West want the Manchu ““in power?”in power?”

Mandate of Heaven

1. Taiping 1. Taiping RebellionRebellion

Hong Xiuquan Village schoolteacher who hated Manchu Claimed to be the brother of Jesus Wanted to abolish private property and give equality for

women

Nationalistic UprisingNationalistic UprisingExpel foreignersExpel declining Qing Dynasty (Manchu)

His armies captured Nanjing; almost took Beijing 20-30 million killed.

2. 2. Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900

*NATIONALISTS**NATIONALISTS*

Wanted Expulsion of all Wanted Expulsion of all Foreigners from ChinaForeigners from China

Japanese, Russian, German, American, British, Japanese, Russian, German, American, British, Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops put down Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops put down the uprising the uprising END of QING DYNASTY!END of QING DYNASTY!

US Open Door PolicyUS Open Door Policy (1900)

Wanted same rights for

the US: “Me, too!”“Me, too!”US pledged to “protect the “protect the

integrity of China.” integrity of China.” (Wassat?)

The American public saw this as “a treaty of friendship and trade with China” …

The “The Last Emperor”The “The Last Emperor”Pu Yi (1908-1911)Pu Yi (1908-1911)

Was replaced by a

Republic: 1911 Republic: 1911 under the leadership of

Sun Yat-senSun Yat-sen

Video: “The Last Emperor” rated R

Sun Yat-senSun Yat-sen

Founded the Republic of China based on the “Three Principles of the People”NationalismLiberalism Peoples’ Livelihood

By 1914, By 1914, ChinaChina

had ended its isolation, had ended its isolation, ended its dynastic period, ended its dynastic period,

and become a republic.and become a republic.

It was not industrialized, nor It was not industrialized, nor was it imperial. was it imperial.

JAPANJAPAN

Commodore Perry Arrived…

Black Ships

Matthew Perry & USMatthew Perry & US

““ Gunboat Gunboat DiplomacyDiplomacy ””

1853: U.S. sent a fleet to end Japan’s self-imposed isolation & open it to trade.

Britain, Russia, and Holland later negotiated similar trade treaties with Japan.

The intrusion of the West = turning point for feudal Japan:

The Tokugawa shogunate Tokugawa shogunate overthrown overthrown for allowing western nations into Japan!.

Meiji RestoRation , 18671867

Meiji means “enlightened

rule” Tozama Daimyo, Industrial Leaders & Tozama Daimyo, Industrial Leaders &

Wealthy Farmers overthrew the Wealthy Farmers overthrew the Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate..

New government based on

“Modernization, “Modernization, Westernization, Westernization, Industrialization.”Industrialization.”

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) & Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) & Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905))

China- Cause: Conflict over Korea Results: Japan won and increased its influence in Korea & took Taiwan.

Russia- Cause: Conflict over Korea & Manchuria Results: Japan won and increased its influence in these areas.

Japan’s global respect & prestige Japan’s global respect & prestige increased… and so did their increased… and so did their CONFIDENCE as players on the world CONFIDENCE as players on the world stage… stage…

Annexation of KoreaAnnexation of Korea

Japan forced Korea into colonial forced Korea into colonial statusstatus and took total control of its government and society from 1910-1945.

Manchukuo

By 1914, By 1914,

Japan had become an Japan had become an

industrialized nationindustrialized nation,,

& & a regional a regional military military & &

imperial imperial power.power.