Implementation–theforgottenvariableinCPTEDresearchandpractice:

Elucidatingtheelementsthatfacilitateimplementationprocess

MatejaMihinjac(GriffithUniversity,Queensland,Australia)TarahHodgkinson(SimonFraserUniversity,BritishColumbia,Canada)

2017ICAConference:Mystreet,myneighbourhood,mycity–CPTEDinaction

August7-82017

https://buy.garmin.com/en-CA/CA/cOnTheRoad-cAutomotive-p1.html

Today’spresentation

1. Implementationpathwayexercise2. Preliminaryfindingsfromcomparativeimplementationstudy

3. Linkfindingstoourresearchandpracticalexperience

http://sarahvanderson.com/MAP-ILLUSTRATION

POLICY/PLANRESOURCES

KNOWLEDGE&SKILLSCRIMEINFORMATION

PROCESSSAFESPACE

SUCCESSFULSPACEATTRACTIVEDESIGN

Researchbackgroundandmethodology

• CPTEDimplementation• Openingthisblackboxwillhelpusreplicatesuccessandimproveimplementation

• InterviewswithCPTEDpractitionersinCanadaandAustralia• Practitioners:• Crimeprevention&communitysafetyofficersfromlocalcouncils/cityhall• Current&formerpoliceofficersinvolvedinCPTED• Privatesecurityconsultants• Cityplanners

Preliminaryfindings–keythemes

STAKEHOLDERBUY-IN

POLICYSTATEMENT

FUNDING/BUDGET

CONTEXT&PROBLEMANALYSIS

MIXEDTEAMS&INTEGRATION

RELATIONSHIPS

OTHERS…

Stakeholderbuy-in

“Hejustnailedit.Heunderstooditrightoffthebatandsowedidalotofwork(there)afterthat….he’sagoodguytohaveonside.InallCPTEDimplementationyouneedtohavetherightpeopleonside.”(C2)

“That'swhythesethingsworkbetterifyouactuallyhaveacouncillortrainedbecausetheyknowwhattodothenandtheymakesurethatthingshappenincouncil.Sothingsdogetapprovedintheend.”(A7)

Policystatement

“Bloodygoodpolicytostartwith,that'srelevant.Andyouwouldthinkthatitwouldhappeninthecouncil,thatifanewpolicywasintroducedandpeopleweretrainedinit.Sotheyneedtoknow(thepolicy)isthereforastart.”(A7)

“Therearelotsofcodes.Evenintheofficialplanof(Canadiancity)itsaysthatpublicsafetyisabigpartofdevelopmentandreview.Iwrotesomeofthesesafetyguidelinesfor(Canadiancity).It’snotthatdifficulttogetin…Publicsafetyisalwaystopofmindformostpeople,soit’snotthatdifficulttogetintoofficialdocumentationifyouwantitthere…butitneedstobethere.”(C2)

Funding/Budget

“Iwouldshowup…anddoalltheseservicesforthem.SowewoulddoCPTEDprojectswiththeseneighbourhoodassociationsbecauseweweregettingpaidforit(aspartofabiggerproject).SowewoulddoCPTEDprojectsupanddownthestreetallover(thecity)becausetheywerealreadypayingforourservices.”(C1)

“Sometimesitwasabudgetissue.Sometimeswhenwesaid"youknow,you'regonnahavetoputbetterlightingin"...itprobablycostmorethattheywerewillingto(pay).Takesmoretime,takesmoreon-siteassessments,observations,mapping,interviews…thenwemightcomeupwithanswersthattheythenmightnotwanttoimplement.Ithinkitwouldbringinthecriticalanalysisissuesthattheydidn'treallywanttohaveconversationsabout.”(A5)

Context&problemanalysis

“Itreallytakesaverydetailedanalysisofanarea.Untilyouactuallyfullyappreciatewhatyou'redealingwithyoushouldn’tbetryingtoprovidesolutionsoranswerstoquestionsyoudon'tknow.It'sanalysisofcrime,thetypesofcrime,inputfromthecommunityandthingslikesafetyaudits,it'sthingslikevisualobservations,talkingtopeople,groupsofpeople,peopleinkeygovernmentagencies.”(A9)

“Wewilllookatthefileifthereisapolicefilereported.Wewilllookatthepointofentryandpointofexit(afterabreakandenter)…alotofitistodowithreducingfear…andwewillgothroughour(CPTED)checklistwiththemandthenwewillhelpthemteachtheirneighboursandaddablockwatchelementtoit.”(C4)

Mixedteams&integration

“WhenIwasdoingitin(thecity),therewerepeopleworkingrightintheplanningoffice….Iwasatallthoseplanningofficemeetings–everytwoweeks.”(C3)

“…(themostimportantthingwas)havingamulti-disciplinaryteam.Youneedamixtureofpeople.Andsomepeopleareverybroadthinkingandsomepeopleareverydetailthinking.Anditdoesn'tmatterwhatprojectyoudo,Iwouldcouncilanybodytohaveamulti-disciplinaryteambecauseyouhavedifferentperspectivestogiveyouatotalpicture.”(A2)

Relationships

“Itallcomesdowntorelationships…Ihavetohaveanappreciationthattheyknowsomethingatthetable…theseguyshavealotofeducationandtheexpertiseoftheirparticularjob….Soifyouaren’twillingtobroadenyourmindsetandworktogetheryoudon’tbringalottothetableandnothingwillgetdone.”(C4)

“Communicationistheonlythingthat'sreallylacking.Youhearaboutitperiodicallyonlybecausesomeonewasn’ttoldoraskedor...doesn'treallymatterbut(lackof)communicationistherootofallevil,Ithink.Becauseit'sjustsuchanimportantthingandthethingthatwequiteoftenforget.”(A7)

CURRENTSTUDY(PRELIMINARYFINDINGS) PRACTICE RESEARCH

STAKEHOLDERBUY-IN RESIDENT&STAKEHOLDERDRIVENPROBLEMSWITHREDTAPE

(BOWERS&JOHNSON,2006);

POLITICALMINDSETOFIMPLEMENTERS(PEASE,2006)

POLICYSTATEMENT GREATERIMPORTANCEOFCHAMPIONSSYMBOLICPOLICY

(ELLIOTT,1998;THEODOULOU&KOFINIS,2004);

PLAN/POLICYQUALITY(BERKEETAL.,2006;SUTTON,1994)

FUNDING/BUDGETRESIDENTASSOCIATIONS,NGOs,PHILANTROPHY,COMMERCIALACTORS

SUSTAINED&SIGNIFICANTFUNDING(OSTROM,2009;WALLER,2008,2015);

FINANCIALRESOURCES(MAUER,2011;SCOTT,2006)

CONTEXT&PROBLEMANALYSIS SAFEGROWTH®RISKASSESSMENTMATRIX&NEIGHBORHOODPROFILE

SARAMODEL(GOLDSTEIN,1990);

ISSUENOMINATION(SAVILLE,1992);

CONTEXT(BERKEETAL.,2006;EKBLOM,2011;GRABOSKY,1996)

MIXEDTEAMS&INTEGRATION REQUISITEVARIETYMULTIPLESTAKEHOLDERS

(ROSENBAUM,2002;CAPUTO&MCINTYRE,2015);

POLYCENTRICGOVERNANCE(OSTROM,2009)

RELATIONSHIPSTEAMWORK,

EMOTIONALINTELLIGENCE

IMPLEMENTATIONGAME(BARDACH,1979);

COMMUNICATION(DAVENPORT,1993;HOMEL,2006;SCOTT,2006)

THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION!

PLEASESEEUSAFTERTHESESSIONFORPARTICIPATIONINOURRESEARCHSTUDY

MatejaMihinjacTarahHodgkinsonmateja.mihinjac@griffithuni.edu.authodgkin@sfu.ca