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IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Ho Lee Lee
Master of Engineering 2011
Pu at KbilJm t t u.mat UNIVEItSlTI MALAY
IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK
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HOLEELEE
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of
Master of Engineering (Environmental)
Faculty of Engineering UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK
2011
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my family, especially ...
to my husband for opening my eyes to the world;
to my son for he is the source of unspeakable joy in my life;
to my Dad and Mom for their loving care and encouragement.
-
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank God for His strength and perseverance that helped me through the entire research
program. My gratitude towards my research supervisor, Professor Ir. Dr. Law Puong
Ling from Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; whose
guidance, comments and patient support throughout the entire research has been deeply
needed and- highly appreciated. Last but not least, I am particularly grateful to my
husband, whose encouragement aided the writing of this thesis in innumerable ways.
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ABSTRACT
The Environmental Management System (EMS) structure recogmzes that both
environmental and economic performances are qirectly linked with each other. The
primary objective of implementing EMS is to continuously improve an organization's
environmental performance. Benefits of successful implementation of an EMS include
cost reduction in pollution prevention activities, compliance with legislation
requirements, and a better organizational image internationally and locally. This
research looks into 4 most common frameworks of EMS; I) ISO 14001, 2) USEPA's
Performance Track, 3) Responsible Care ®, and 4) Eco-Management Audit Scheme)
Each of the individual frameworks is detailed with their respective entry or certification
criteria, as well as the respective implementation processes. This research also
investigated the relationship between EMS implementation and environmental
performance improvement. Empirical findings of a case study of a multinational
electronics manufacturing facility that implemented ISO 1400 I EMS are presented. The
company implemented ISO 14001 EMS in 2004 and was certified in early 2005. From
January 2004 to August 20 I 0, a total of thirteen Environmental Management Programs
(EMP) were implemented. Out of the thirteen EMP implemented, five EMP were for
legal compliances; four EMP were for environmental operational control and the other
four were for cost reduction through water and chemiGal conservation. In August 2010,
eleven EMP had achieved the targeted environmental performance indicators: four EMP
achieved legal compliances; another four EMP achieved environmental operational
control that resulted in better environmental performance; two EMP achieved water
conservation (16.4% and 9.1 % usage reduction) and one EMP achieved chemical
conservation (8.15% usage reduction) that led to cost reductions. The other two EMP
are still ongoing while some new EMP are being planned.
III
ABSTRAK
Struktur Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekitar (EMS) telah mengenalpasti bahawa prestasi
persekitaran adalah berhubung erat dengan prestasi ekonomi. Objektif utama
pengamalan EMS adalah untuk meningkatkan prestasi alam sekitar di sesebuah
organisasi. Kejayaan pengamalan EMS akan membawa manfaat seperti pengurangan
kos dalam aktiviti pencegahan pencemaran, memenuhi keperluan undang-undang selain
daripada memberikan imej baik di peringkat tempatan dan antarabangsa. Penyelidikan
ini telah mengkaji 4 rangka EMS yang paling umum, iaitu 1) ISO 14001, 2) USEPA
Performance Track, 3) Responsible Care ® dan 4) EMAS. Setiap rangka telah
diterangkan kriteria keahlian atau keperluan persijilan dan juga proses pengamalannya.
Penyelidikan ini juga mengkaji hubungan di antara pengamalan EMS dan peningkatan
prestasi alam sekitar serta pengurangan koso Satu organisasi multinasional yang
mengilangkan komponen elektronik dan mengamalkan ISO 14001 EMS telah dipilih
untuk kajian secara mendalam. Organisasi ini telah mengamalkan ISO 14001 EMS
sejak tahun 2004 and mencapai persijilan antarabangsa pada awal tahun 2005. 13 projek
alam sekitar telah dilaksanakan oleh organisasi ini sejak lanuari 2004 sehingga Ogos
201 O. Antaranya, perlaksanaan 5 projek adalah untuk tujuan memenuhi keperluan
undang-undang, 4 projek adalah untuk pengendalian operasi alam sekitar and 4 projek
lagi adalah untuk tujuan pengurangan koso Sehingga Ogos 2010, 11 projek alam sekitar
telah mencapai matlamat yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi keperluan undang-undang,
peningkatan pengendalian operasi alam sekitar serta pengurangan koso 2 projek alam
sekitar yang lain masih dalam proses pelaksanaan sementara beberapa projek baru juga
direncanakan.
IV
Pus t Khidm t Maklum r ON 'E m MALAYSIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11
ABSTRACT 111
ABSTRAK IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF TABLES Xl
LIST OF FIGURES X11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS XIV
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environmental Management System (EMS) and 1 Environmental Performance
1.2 Role of EMS Implementation in Environmental Performance 3
1.3 Common Frameworks of EMS 6
1.4 Other Frameworks of EMS 10
1.5 Problem Statement and Hypothesis 10
1.6 Objectives and Outcomes 11
1.7 Scope of Research 11
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
2.1 ISO 14001 Environmental Management System 13
2.1.1 Overview of ISO 14001 13
2.1.2 Benefits from ISO 14001 EMS Implementation 15
2.1.3 Process Steps in Establishing an ISO 14001 EMS 26
2.1.4 Summary 30
v
,......
2.2 Perfonnance Track 32
2.2.1 Overview of Perfonnance Track 32
2.2.2 Perfonnance Track Design 34
2.2.3 Implementation of Performance Track 39
2.2.4 Environmental Perfonnance Improvement 40 Achieved by Perfonnance Track
2.2.5 Summary 41
2.3 Responsible Care ® 46
2.3.1 Overview of Responsible Care ® 46
2.3.2 The Cores of Responsible Care ® 48
2.3.3 The Responsible Care ® Global Charter 53
2.3.4 Health, Safety and Environmental Perfonnance 60 Improvement Achieved by Responsible Care ®
2.3.5 Summary 70
2.4 Eco-Management Audit Scheme (EMAS) 71
2.4.1 Overview of EMAS 71
2.4.2 Benefits of Implementing EMAS 73
2.4.3 The Main Stages of EMAS 75
2.4.4 Summary 76
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 77
3.1 Phase 1: Setting Up the EMS Milestone 80
3.1.1 Obtain Management Commitment 80
3.1.2 Establish the EMS Committee 80
3.1.3 Appoint Management Representative 80
3.1.4 Develop EMS Project Milestone 81
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3.2 Phase 2: Conducting Initial Environmental Review 81
3.3 Phase 3: EMS Strategic Planning 84
3.3.1 Initiate Environmental Aspect and Impact Identification 84
3.3.2 Significant Environmental Aspects Determination 88
3.3.3 Setting Environmental Policy and Objectives 92
3.3.4 Identification of Legal and Other Requirements 92
3.3.5 Establish Organization Targets and Programmes 93
3.4 Phase 4: System Development 94
3.5 Phase 5: EMS Implementation 97
3.6 Phase 6: EMS Performance Evaluation 99
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 100
4.1 EMP I: Legal Compliance for Chimneys 100
4.1.1 Project Background 100
4.1.2 Project Details and Results 101
4.2 EMP 2: Waste Management Programme Implementation 102
4.2.1 Project Background 102
4.2.2 Project Details and Results 102
4.3 EMP 3: Provision of Sheltered Scheduled Waste Storage Area 103 and Spill Containment
4.3.1 Project Background 103
4.3.2 Project Details and Results 103
4.4 EMP 4: Classification of Scrap Material 104
4.4.1 Project Background 104
4.4.2 Project Details and Results 104
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4.5 EMP 5: Upgrading of Sewage Treatment System 105
4.5.1 Project Background 105
4.5.2 Project Details and Results 105
4.6 EMP 6: Upgrading of Wastewater Treatment System 107
4.6.1 Project Background 107
4.6.2 Project Details and Results 107
4.7 EMP 7: Awareness Training for Proper Handling of Chemical, 109 Water and Draining of Wastes
4.7.1 Project Background 109
4.7.2 Project Details and Results 109
4.8 EMP 8: To Obtain Approval of Waste Treatment Plant and 111 the Change in Final Discharge System Design
4.8.1 Project Background 111
4.8.2 Project Details and Results 111
4.9 EMP 9: Labelling ofAll Listed Poison 113
4.9.1 Project Background 113
4.9.2 Project Details and Results 113
4.10 EMP 10: Water Recycling Project 114
4.10.1 Project Background 114
4.10.2 Project Details and Results 114
4.11 EMP 11: Water Conservation Project 117
4.11.1 Project Background 117
4.11.2 Project Details and Results 117
4.12 EMP 12: Electricity Conservation Project 119
4.12.1 Project Background 119
4.12.2 Project Details and Results 119
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4.13 EMP 13: Chemical Conservation Project 121
4.13.1 Project Background 121
4.13.2 Project Details and Results 121
4.14 Summary of Results of EMP 124
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS 125
REFERENCES 128
IX
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: EMS Steering Committee's Organization for Company ABC 132
Compliance of Company ABC
Feasibility Report of Company ABC
Appendix B: Environmental Impact Register Data Sheet for Company ABC 133
Appendix C: Environmental Impact Register Summary for Company ABC 134
Appendix D: Legal and Other Requirement Register & Evaluation of 135
Appendix E: Environmental Management Project Request / 136
Appendix F: Project Planning of Company ABC 137
Appendix G: Project Progress Report 138
Appendix H: Monthly Average Electricity Cost Per Throughput 139 In Company ABC from October 2005 - September 2007
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..W'
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page
1.1 Elements Required by Major EMS Frameworks 7
1.2 Other Common Elements Found in Major EMS Frameworks 9
2.1 Worldwide Number oflSO 14001 Certification as of 18 December 2006 / January 2007 (2)
2.2 ISO 14001 :2004 Worldwide Certification Number from 20 December 2005 to December 2008
2.3 Environmental Performance Table 37
3.1 Key Category and Area Covered 82
3.2 Type of Data Collected 83
3.3 Severity of Impact 90
3.4 Probability of Occurrence 91
3.5 Control Mechanism 91
4.1 Summary Data for Zone S Chemical Consumption 122 per Throughput (Quarter 1 2006 - Quarter 42007)
4.2 Summary of Results of EMP 1 to EMP 13 124
Xl
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page
2. 1 Worldwide Number of ISO 14001 Certification as of 16 January 2006
2.2 Worldwide Number ofISO 14001 Certification as of 17 December 2006 / January 2007 (1)
2.3 ISO 14001: 2004 Worldwide Total of Certificates from 20 December 2005 to December 2008
2.4 Annual Growth of ISO 14001 : 2004 Certification from 21 December 2005 to December 2008
2.5 Top 10 Countries for ISO 14001: 2004 Certification from 21 December 2005 to December 2008
2.6 Logo of EPA Perfonnance Track 32
2.7 Perfonnance Track Total Membership from 2000 - 2008 34
2.8 Cumulative Improvements in Perspective (2000-2007) 42
2.9 Environmental Perfonnance of Upstream, Inputs, 43 Nonproduct Outputs and Downstream of Performance Track Members (2000-2007)
2.10 Targets Set and Achievement of Performance Track 45 Members (2000-2007)
2.11 The Listing of 53 Organizations that Participated in 47 ICCA's Responsible Care ® Initiative
2.12 Responsible Care ® Logo 47
2.13 Codes of Practice 51
2.14 Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate of20 European 61 Countries in 2003,2005 and 2007
2.15 Atmospheric Emissions of Total Carbon Dioxide 64 from 2000 - 2007
2. 16 Carbon Dioxide Intensity from 2000 - 2007 65
2.17 Atmospheric Emissions of Sulphur Dioxide in Percentage 66 and Tonnes from 19 European Countries in 2003,2005 and 2007
Xli
2.18 Atmospheric Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides in Percentage 66 and Tonnes from 19 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
2.19 Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds Atmospheric 67 Emissions in Percentage and Tonnes from 20 European Countries in 2003,2005 and 2007
2.20 Hazardous Waste Produced in Percentage and Tonnes by 67 19 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
2.21 Non Hazardous Waste Produced in Percentage and 68 Tonnes by 19 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
2.22 Release of Nitrogen to Water in Percentage and 68 Tonnes by 19 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
2.23 Release of Phosphorus to Water in Percentage 69 and Tonnes by 20 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
224 Chemical Oxygen Demand in Percentage and Tonnes of 69 20 European Countries in 2003, 2005 and 2007
2.25 The EMAS Logo 72
3.1 Six Main Phases of EMS Implementation 79
3.2 Aspect Identification Process 86
3.3 Environmental Aspects and Impact Analysis Process 87
3.4 Risk Index Calculation for Company ABC 88
3.5 EMS Documentation Structure of Company ABC 95
3.6 EMS Implementation Process Flow Chart 98
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS
APR
BSI
BOD
C02
COD
CAER
CCPA
CEFIC
DOE
DOSH
EC
EEA
EEC
EMAS
EMP
EMR
EMS
EPA
EQA
EU
Ft2
gIL
Gal
GHG
Annual Performance Report
British Standards Institution
Biological Oxygen Demand
Carbon Dioxide
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Community Awareness & Emergency Response
The Chemistry Industry Association of Canada
European Chemical Industry Council
Department of Environment
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
European Commission
European Economic Area
European Economic Community
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
Environmental Management Programme
Environmental Management Representative
Environmental Management System
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Quality Act, 1974
European Union
Square foot
Gram per litre
Gallon
Greenhouse Gases
XIV
GPM
GWP
HFCs
HSE
HVAC
ICCA
ISO
KPKT
LTIR
m 3/hr
MR
NOx
NMVOCs
PDCA
ppm
RC®
RO
S02
SS
TC207/SCI
UK
US
USEPA
]
Gallons per minute
Global Warming Potential
Hydrofluorocarbons
Health, Safety and Environment
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
The International Council of Chemical Associations
International Organization for Standardization
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate
Cubic meter per hour
Management Representative
Nitrous Oxide
Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Plan-Do-Check-Act
Part per Million
Responsible Care ®
Reverse osmosis
Sulphur Dioxide
Suspended Solid
Subcommittee/Working Group of ISO on EMS
United Kingdom
United States of America
United States' Environmental Protection Agency
Degree Celsius
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environmental Management System (EMS) and Environmental
Performance
The concern for the envirorunent is rapidly rising especially in those countries that are
currently experiencing significant envirorunental impacts, such as global warming.
Clarke (1989) argued that at its core envirorunental management asked two questions:
(1) What kind of planet do we want? and (2) What kind of planet can we get? Barrow
(2006) viewed that the ultimate goal of most organization's envirorunental managers is
to ensure that there is an optimum balance between envirorunental protection and
allowing human liberty.
An Envirorunental Management System (EMS) is a practical way to enhance a
company's envirorunental performance and to ensure that an organisation is effectively
managing its envirorunental risks (Nicholas and Smith, 2005). Alberti et al. (2000)
viewed EMS as a systematic approach to effectively integrate envirorunental
considerations into an organization's day-to-day operation and management culture.
According to Richelsen et al. (2000), EMS could provide a predictable structure for
managing, assessing and continuously improving the effectiveness and efficiency for
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managing the environment. Such approach also builds in periodic review by top
management and emphasises continuous improvement instead of crisis management.
Many definitions of EMS have been developed in the past few years and the most
recognised definition is by TC 207/SC 1 from International Organization for
Standardization (DSM, 2004) that defines an EMS as "part of an organization's
management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy and
manage its environmental aspects." The EMS structure recognizes that both
environmental and economic perfonnances are directly linked with each other (Alberti
et aI., 2000). The primary objective of implementing an EMS is to continuously
improve the organization's environmental performance. Successful implementation of
an EMS would lead to cost reduction in pollution prevention activities, compliance
with regulatory requirements, and a 'better organizational image internationally and
locally (Muhamad Awang et aI., 1999). Pollution prevention strategies help reduce or
eliminate environmental concerns at source, resulting in less waste, more efficient use
of inputs reduced risk and liability that may be reflected in lower insurance premiums
and avoid contingency expenses, and many other environmental, health, safety, and
financial benefits (Morris, 2004). EMS offers the opportunity for a facility to integrate
its chemical and product quality management and planning efforts, so that the focus is
not just on hazardous chemicals or wastes, but also on prudent use of all materials and
resources by the organization (MassDEP, 2007).
Environmental perfonnance is a new central concept in systematic environmental work.
Piper et al. (2003) viewed that environmental perfonnance is what the organization
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accomplishes through its environmental efforts over a particular period of time.
According to ISO/TC/SC4 in ISO 14031 (1999), environmental performance is "the
result of how well the organization handles its environmental aspects, or the result of
how well the organization is able to handle its environmental aspects." The definition
of environmental performance in ISO 14001:2004 (DSM, 2004) is "the measurable
results of an organization's environmental management system of its environmental
aspects based on the organization's environmental policy, environmental objectives,
environmental targets and other environmental performance requirements."
1.2 Role of EMS Implementation in Environmental Performance
EMS has demonstrated to provide measurable environmental as well as business
perfonnance improvements for many countries; be it in the local governments or
private sector organizations throughout the world over the last decade or more.
Recognizing these benefits, more organizations have developed and implemented EMS
to achieve similar enhancements in various activities and facilities. Besides, Sheldon
and Yoxon (2006) wrote that EMS plays a vital role in environmental performance, as
in maintaining compliance with relevant legislation and regulation. An organization
has to understand how the EMS works in relationship with legislation, tracking the
development of environmental regulations, and knowing where to look for further
information for the assurance staying within the law. According to Harte (1992);
McEldowney (1996) and BeIl (1997), environmental laws provided the framework for
regulating the use of the environment and crucial for environmental management aiding
the protection of the environment and biodiversity.
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With respect to the measurement of environmental performance, different companies in
different countries have been using different approaches; such as environmental
performance surveys, questionnaires, data collection, raw material usage data
monitoring and other techniques (Stasiskiene and Staniskis, 2005). Different
frameworks of EMS might also suggest the different methods 10 measunng
environmental performance as a whole, and the results can vary tremendously,
depending on given answers and style of information expression. Differences in the
interpretation of presented information and other discrepancies can also affect the
evaluation of an organization. However, it is suggested that basic data should include
infonnation obtained through implementation of environmental management system in
their organization over a period of time.
Organizations are attracted by very practical benefits through implementation of EMS
in their organizations, such as effective management of raw materials, improved
operating efficiency, avoidance of penalties for transgression of environmental
legislation, reduced energy and water consumption, costs reduction such as reduced
insurance costs, reduced raw material usage through waste minimization, pollution
prevention and consequently improved corporate performance and increase of overall
sales (Morris, 2004). Sangster (1993) from Esso Petroleum, United Kingdom had
personally experienced the improvement of environmental performance, such as
relative reduction m effluent test results and reduction of volumes of oily wastes
disposed off site, m Esso's petroleum distribution operations through management
action with relatively small level of investment. According to Sangster (1993), it
covered the establishment of an environmental management system incorporating field
measurement, stewardship of results and management of corrective action to maintain
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I P sat Khldmat M kJumat A fmil-; UNTVERSm MALAYSf.O\ ARAWAJe'
progress towards meeting self-imposed targets. Besides, EMS implementation also
aims for proactive management, in the aspect of taking action in advance of legislation
before they are realized in the form of regulations (Sheldon and Y oxon, 2006).
Within business, most environmental management perfonnance measurement or
accounting activities seem to be taking place in the manufacturing sectors rather than in
service or resource extracting sectors. According to Stasiskiene and Staniskis (2005),
this is due to materials accounting of environmental management system, which can
help manufacturing facilities gain better understanding of material flows and related
costs. In other words, the perspective created according to evaluation of
implementation of various environmental management programmes allows managers to
see economic values of natural resources, and the business and financial value of good
environmental performance. Richelsen et al. (2000) reported that Kuching, city of
Sarawak was selected as the project area for EMS implementation in June 1999 through
the Sustainable Urban Development Project by State Government of Sarawak in
collaboration with the Danish Cooperation on Environment and Development
(DANCED). The focus of the Kuching City-EMS project was placed on the
monitoring of the environmental quality, producing environmental statements and
keeping the management infonned on the development in the environment and the need
for corrective measures. Therefore, implementation of EMS can be treated as a sound
conceptual basis for measuring environmental impact of company's activities and
linking it to environmental and economic perfonnances in order to identify and
implement win-win situations (Stasiskiene and Staniskis, 2005).
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1.3 Common Frameworks of EMS
Several organizations, including governments, independent standards developers, and
trade organizations have developed frameworks that companies can use to assure
quality environment performance. Common frameworks that companies generally use
for creating EMS include ISO 14001, EPA National Performance Track, and
Responsible Care ®. These frameworks commonly share the required elements of an
EMS that are designed to assure that the company or organization using the system will
be able to consistently manage and minimize the impact its operations may have on the
environment (MassDEP, 2007).
Table 1.1 summarizes the key elements required in the three major EMS frameworks.
However, it is noteworthy that different frameworks may share those common
elements, whereby they may be managed differently among frameworks. It is noted
that each of the elements listed in Table 1.1 have common definitions. Table 1.2
describes some of the other common elements used in major EMS frameworks with
certain degree of variation across different frameworks.
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Table 1.1 Elements Required by Major EMS Frameworks
Element Description of ISO Performance
RC®Element Goals 14001 Track I
Environmental Develop a statement of Policy organisation's
~ ~ ~ commitment to
Ienvironment. Environmental Identify environmental Aspects and attributes of products,
~ ~ ~Impacts activities and services and impacts on the environment.
Legal and Other Identify and ensure ~ ~ ~Requirements access to relevant laws
and regulations. Objectives & Set environmental goals
~ ~ ~ Targets for the organization. Environmental Plan actions to achieve Management objectives and targets. ~ ~ ~ Programs Structure and Establish roles and
IResponsibility responsibilities within the ~ ~ ~ organization.
Training, Ensure that employees I I
Awareness and are aware and capable of ~ ~ ~ Competence their environmental
resp_onsibilities. Communication Develop processes for
Iinternal and external communications on ~ ~ ~ environmental management issues.
EMS Maintain information I
Documentation about EMS and related ~ ~ ~ documents.
Document Ensure effective I
Control management of ~ ~ ~ procedures and other
Idocuments. Operational Identify, plan and Control manage organization's
operations and activities ~ ~ ~ I
inline with the policy, I
objectives and targets, and significant aspects.
IEmergency Develop procedures for ~ ~ ~
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