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In The Name of AllahIn The Name of Allah
Scanning Tunneling Scanning Tunneling MicroscopeMicroscope
Pooria GillPooria GillPhD of Nanobiotechnology
pooriagill@yahoo.com
Image from an STMImage from an STM
Iron atoms on the surface of Cu(111)
MicroscopyMicroscopy
Optical Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Scanning Probe MicroscopeScanning Probe Microscope
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM)
Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope
(SNOM)
HistoryHistoryThe scanning tunneling microscope was developed at IBM Zürich in 1981 by Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer who shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1986 because of the microscope.
Gerd Binning Heinrich Rohrer
The STM is an electron microscope thatuses a single atom tip to attain atomic resolution.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
SPM SPM SystemsSystems
Piezoelectric Scanner
General OverviewGeneral Overview
An extremely fine conducting probe is heldabout an atom’s diameter from the sample.
Electrons tunnel between the surface and the tip,producing an electrical signal.
While it slowly scans across the surface,the tip is raised and lowered in order to keepthe signal constant and maintain the distance.
This enables it to follow even the smallestdetails of the surface it is scanning.
The TipThe Tip
As we will see later, is very important that thetip of the probe be a single atom.
Tungsten is commonly used because you can useElectro-chemical etching techniques to createvery sharp tips like the one above.
Quantum TunnelingQuantum Tunneling
The second tip shown above is recessed by about two atoms and thus carries about a million times less current. That is why we want such a fine tip. If we can get a single atom at the tip, the vast majority of the current will run through it and thus give us atomic resolution.
NoteNote
•A STM does not measure nuclear position directly.
•Rather it measures the electron density clouds on the
surface of the sample.
•In some cases, the electron clouds represent the atom
locations pretty well, but not always.
Converse PiezoelectricityConverse PiezoelectricityPiezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress.
When you apply an electric field to a piezoelectric crystal, the crystal distorts. This is known as converse piezoelectricity. The distortions of a piezo is usually on the order of micrometers, which is in the scale needed to keep the tip of the STM a couple Angstroms from the surface.
The tip
PizosElectric Field
Advantages of Scanning Probe MicroscopyAdvantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy
•The resolution of the microscopes The resolution of the microscopes •Create small structures nanolithography Create small structures nanolithography •Do not require a partial vacuumDo not require a partial vacuum
Disadvantages of Scanning Probe MicroscopyDisadvantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy
•The detailed shape of the scanning tipThe detailed shape of the scanning tip•Slower in acquiring imagesSlower in acquiring images•The maximum image sizeThe maximum image size
Scanning ModesScanning Modes
STM Constant Current Mode
STM Constant Height Mode
System ComponentsSystem Components
Mechanical PartsMechanical PartsElectronics PartsElectronics PartsComputer + softwareComputer + software
Needle replacementNeedle replacement
Needle typeNeedle typePlatinum-iridium (PtIr)Platinum-iridium (PtIr)Tungsten tips Tungsten tips GoldGold
Needle preparationElectrochemical etchingElectrochemical etchingMechanical shearingMechanical shearing
System Software ExecutionSystem Software Execution
Sample preparationSample preparation
ZnO Nanoparticles around 6.5-8nm
www.natsyco.com
Gold Nano crystals 6-14nm www.natsyco.com
Gold
Nan
o crystals 6-14nm
Gold Nano crystals 6-14nm www.natsyco.com
CalibrationCalibration
Etching of atoms and molecules from the surface of gold (100x100nm) by our STM system
(a step for Nanorobotics)
Atomic resolution of graphiteAtomic resolution of graphite4x4x 0.2nm
Atomic resolution of graphiteAtomic resolution of graphite
ReferencesReferences1. Pooria Gill, Bijan Ranjbar, Reza Saber. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Cauliflower-like
DNA Nanostructures Synthesized by Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification. IET Nanobiotechnology 2011; 5 (1), 8-13.
2. Reza Saber, Saeed Sarkar, Pooria Gill, Behzad Nazari, Faramarz Faridani. High Resolution Imaging of IgG and IgM Molecules by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy in Air Condition. Scientia Iranica (Transaction F: Nanotechnology) 2011; 18 (6), 1643–1646.
3. M.Q. Li. Scanning probemicroscopy (STM=AFM) and applications in biology, Appl. Phys. A 68, 255–258 (1999).
4. Errez Shapir et al., High-Resolution STM Imaging of Novel Single G4-DNA Molecules, J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 112, No. 31, 2008.
5. D. P. ALLISON. Immobilization of DNA for scanning probe microscopy, Proc. Nadl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89, pp. 10129-10133, November 1992.
6. Hiroyuki Tanaka. Visualization of the Detailed Structure of Plasmid DNA, J. Phys. Chem. B 16788 2008, 112, 16788–16792.
7. Hiroyuki Tanaka. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of DNA molecules on Cu(111) surfaces, Surface Science 432 (1999) L611–L616.
8. Handbook of microscopy for nanotechnology / edited by Nan Yao. Zhong Lin Wang. 2005 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9. Scanning probe microscopes : applications in science and technology / K.S. Birdi. 2003 by CRC Press LLC.
10. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY, 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Thanks for your AttentionsThanks for your Attentions