Post on 23-Dec-2015
transcript
In the name of GOD
Sheikhlotfolah mosqueIsfahan
Shoulder &Upper arm Physical Examination
Babak Vahdatpour MDAssistant professor
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehab. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
DDx. of Shoulder Pain or reduced R.O.M
• Rotator Cuff Dis.• Adhesive Capsulitis• Calcific Tendonitis• Dynamic Functional Instability• A.C Degenerative Joint Dis.• Glenohumeral Degenerative Joint Dis.• Arthropathy(crystalline & Rheumatoid)• Cervical Radiculopathy• Tumors(shoulder girdle & lung apex)
Physical Examination
• inspection• palpation• range of motion• strength• provocative shoulder test• neck & elbow
Inspection
• both shoulders exposed• inspection of both shoulders• swelling• asymmetry• muscle atrophy• scars• ecchymosis• venous distension
Inspection
• squaring of the shoulder→ anterior dislocation
Swollen subacromial bursa in R.A Rupture of the left pectoralis major tendon.
Inspection
Fractured left clavicle. Swollen sternoclavicular joint due to a fracture of the medial end of the left clavicle
• scapular "winging"→ shoulder instability serratus anterior dysfunction trapezius dysfunction
• Rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon (arrow).
Inspection
• atrophy of the supraspinatus or infraspinatus→ rotator cuff tear suprascapular nerve entrapment neuropathy
Palpation
• tenderness• deformity
1.subacromial space → rotator cuff tendinitis impingement syndrome calcific tendinitis rotator cuff tear2.bicipital groove → bicipital tendinitis bicipital tendon subluxation, tear
3.acromioclavicular joint4.anterior glenohumeral joint → glenohumoral arthritis osteonecrosis glenoid labrum tear adhesive capsulitis 5.sternoclavicular joint
6.posterior edge of acromion → rotator cuff tendinitis calcific tendinitis rotator cuff tear
7.suprascapular notch → suprascapular nerve entrapment
8.Quadrilateral space → axillary nerve entrapment
Range of Motion testing
• compared with the unaffected side
• active & passive: loss of active motion alone → weakness of muscle than joint ds: LOM with both active & passive Ex → arthropathies adhesive capsulitis
Range of Motion testing• Flextion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction (scapulohumeral rhythm)
• Internal rotation & External rotation
• Scapular Retraction & Protraction
Apley scratch test
Painful arc of abduction. Passive shoulder abduction
Shrugging of the scapula to increase abduction (right shoulder)
Measurement of rotation in 90° abduction. A, Neutral position. B, External rotation. C, Internal rotation.
Muscle testing
• Scapular stabilizers• Rotator cuff• Humeral Adductor/Internal Rotators• Humeral Abductors• Elbow Flexors & Extensors
Scapular stabilizers
– Serratus ant.– Rhomboids– Trapezius
Evaluating the Rotator cuff
• supraspinatusinfraspinatusteres minorsubscapularis
• pain• weakness
Supraspinatus
• "empty can" test (Jobe test)
FIGURE 3. Supraspinatus examination ("empty can" test). The patient attempts to elevate the arms against resistance while the elbows are extended, the arms are abducted and the thumbs are pointing downward.
Infraspinatus and Teres minor
FIGURE 4. Infraspinatus/teres minor examination. The patient attempts to externally rotate the arms against resistance while the arms are at the sides and the elbows are flexed to 90 degrees
Subscapularis & other int. rotators
Humeral Adductor/Internal Rotators• Pecturalis Major• Latissimus Dorsi
Humeral Abductors
• Deltoid• Supraspinatous
Elbow Flexors & Extensors
• Biceps• Brachialis• Brachioradialis• Triceps
Provocative test
Neer's test(sign)
• subacromialimpingement
• impingement test: injection
FIGURE 5. Neer's test for impingement of the rotator cuff tendons under the coracoacromial arch. The arm
is fully pronated and placed in forced flexion.
Hawkin's test
• subacromialimpingement
• rotator cufftendonitis
FIGURE 6. Hawkins' test for subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tendonitis. The arm is forward elevated to 90 degrees, then forcibly internally rotated.
Drop-arm test
• rotator cuff tear• supraspinatus dysfunction
O`Brien test
A.C joint or labrum injury
Cross-chest test
• acromioclavicularjoint dysfunction
FIGURE 7. Cross-arm test for acromioclavicular joint disorder. The patient elevates the affected arm to 90 degrees, then actively adducts it.
Ant. Apprehension
• ant. instability
FIGURE 8. Apprehension test for anterior instability. The patient's arm is abducted to 90 degrees while the examiner externally rotates the arm and applies anterior pressure to the humerus.
Relocation & Release test
Jerk test & post. Apprehension test
• Post. instability
Sulcus sign• inferior glenohumeral
instability
FIGURE 10. Sulcus test for glenohumeral instability. Downward traction is applied to the humerus, and the examiner watches for a depression lateral or inferior to the acromion.
Speed's maneuver
• proximal tendon of the long head of the biceps
Yergason test
• biceps tendon
FIGURE 9. Yergason test for biceps tendon instability or tendonitis. The patient's elbow is flexed to 90 degrees, and the examiner resists the patient's active attempts to supinate the arm and flex the elbow.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
• Adson`s test
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
• Roos` test
33 pole Isfahan