Post on 13-Jan-2016
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Increasing Water Productivity for a Increasing Water Productivity for a Sustainable FutureSustainable Future
Johnathan Marks and Blake MorellJohnathan Marks and Blake Morell
SummarySummary
Importance of Water Productivity
Basic Principles
Methods
Opportunities
Effectiveness
Challenges
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/Water_facts_and_trends.pdf
IntroductionIntroduction
Human Water Security
Ecosystem Sustainability
Water Uses and Wastewater
http://www.unwater.org/downloads/Water_facts_and_trends.pdf
MotivationMotivation
Aral Sea
• Located in Central Asia
• In 1960, the fourth largest lake in the world
• Amu Dar'ya and Syr Dar'ya rivers diverted to irrigate rice and cotton crops
• The rise in salinity caused the lakes initial 32 species of fish to dwindle to 6 species.
http://orexca.com/aral_sea.shtml http://orexca.com/aral_sea.shtml
Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles
• Filtration
• Flocculation
• Anaerobic/Aerobic Digestion
• UV Disinfection
http://www.flowsh.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Wastewater-Treatment-Process-2.jpg
MethodsMethods
• Water Productivityo The value of goods and services
produced per unit of water used
• Substitutiono Using lower-quality water in place
of higher-quality water
• Regenerationo Increasing wastewater treatment
capacity
• Reductiono Improving water efficiency in
producing goods and services
[1]
SubstitutionSubstitution
• Large Scaleo Hong Kong International Airport's triple water system
Supplies freshwater for food services, sinks, and airplane washing
Pumps in seawater for centralized air-conditioning and toilet water
Reuses treated grey water for irrigation
o Stormwater collecting
• Residential Scaleo Rainwater gathering
Uses rainwater for laundry, dishwashing, toilets, and watering gardens
o Grey water reclamation Utilizes water from laundry, dishwashing, and bathing toilet water for irrigation
purposes
Hong Kong International Airport's TWSHong Kong International Airport's TWS
[2]
RegenerationRegeneration
• Conventionalo Primary and
Secondary Sewage Treatment
• Advancedo Microfiltration,
Reverse Osmosis, UV Disinfection
http://www.americanairandwater.com/uv-facts/germicidal-uv.htm
Groundwater Replenishment SystemGroundwater Replenishment System
http://www.ocregister.com/articles/water-312384-becomes-drinking.html
ReductionReduction
• Residenceo High-efficiency
showerheads, toilets, and washers
• Agricultureo Drip Irrigation,
Microsprinklers
• Infrastructureo Non-revenue Water
Physical Losses Apparent Losses
[3]
ResultsResults
[1]
ConclusionsConclusions
Combination of strategies needed to reach sustainability
[1]
AssessmentAssessment
• Infrastructureo Underpricing of
water
• Political regulations
• Public acceptance
[4]
What You Can Do!What You Can Do!
• At Homeo Take shorter showerso Turn the water off when brushing your teetho Consolidate loads of laundry
• Locallyo Spread the word
• Nationallyo Contact your state representative
Further ResearchFurther Research
• Effects of grey water reuse on crops
• Ease of implementation
• More efficient desalination processes
• Methods for reducing NRW in developing countries
ReferencesReferences
[1] S. B. Grant et al., "Taking the 'Waste' Out of 'Wastewater' for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability," Science 337, 681 (2012).
[2] R. W. K. Leung et al., "Integration of seawater and grey water reuse to maximize alternative water resource for coastal areas: the case of the Hong Kong International Airport," Water Science & Technology 65, 410 (2012).
[3] B. Kingdom, R. Liemberger, P. Marin, The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Developing Countries (Paper No. 8, Water Supply and Sanitation Board Discussion Paper Series, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2006).
[4] S. M. Olmstead, “Water Supply and Poor Communities: What's Price Got to Do with It?," Enviroronment 45 Issue 10, 22 (2003).
Questions?Questions?