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I ndex
Aboveground resp i ra t ion (Ra)
be lowground resp i ra t ion v . , 5
es t ima t ion o f , 20
as type o f au to t roph ic resp i ra t ion , 18
Acc l imat ion , o f so i l r e sp i ra t ion to
tempera tu re change , 140-41 , 141f
Ace ta te fe rmenta t ion , CO2 prod uc t ion by , 40
A d e n o s i n e t r i p h o s p h a t e ( A T P ) p r o d u c t i o n ,
in TCA cycle , 38
Aerob ic resp i ra t ion
COg produc t ion by , 36-39
R Q in , 4 0 - 4 1
Ag r icu l tu ra l ac t iv i t i e s , h i s to ry o f, 30
A g r i c u l t u r a l c u l t i v a ti o n
no- t i l l age v . conven t ion a l t i l l age , 156
s o i l c a r b o n c h a n g e w i t h , 1 5 5 - 5 6
so i l r e sp i ra t io n in f luence o f , 155-56
Agroforestry , descr ipt ion of , 29
Alka l i absorp t ion , so i l r e sp i ra t ion s tudy
with , 8-10, 162f , 164f , 165t , 171-72,
172f
Al t i tude
microb ia l r e sp i ra t ion in f luence o f , 130
so i l r e sp i ra t ion in f luence o f , 129-30 ,
130f
A n a e r o b i c r e s p i r a t i o n
C O2 p r o d u c t i o n b y, 3 9 - 4 0
d u r i n g f e r m e n t a t io n , 3 9
RQ in, 41
A n t h r o p o g e n i c e m i s s i o n s
a tmospher ic CO2 f rom, 23-24
C Og p r o d u c t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t i n f l u en c e
of, 133
A t m o s p h e r i c C O z, c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f, 2 3 - 2 4
ATP produc t ion .
S ee
A d e n o s i n e t r i p h o s p h a t e
p r o d u c t i o n
A u t o t r o p h i c r e s p i r a t i o n
as category of soi l respira t ion, 11, 18
fe r t i l i ze r in f luence on , 154
he te ro t roph ic resp i ra t ion v . , 11 , 190-91
soi l respira t ion role of , 212, 213f
types of , 18
B
Belowground resp i ra t ion (Rb)
aboveground resp i ra t ion v . , 5
307
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3 8 I n d e x
Belowground resp i ra t ion (Rb) cont inued)
es t ima t ion o f , 20
fe r t i l i za t ion in f luence on , 21
as type o f au to t roph ic resp i ra t ion , 18
Biome-BGC
as b iogeochemica l mode l , 234 t , 236-37 ,
2 3 6 f
t e m p e r a t u r e i n f l u e n ce o n , 2 3 8 t
Biomes , in so i l r e sp i ra t ion , 120-28 , 121 t,
122f, 127t
Biosphere resp i ra t ion , so i l r e sp i ra t ion o f
tota l , 24
Bomb 14C t race r, 196 , 204-7 , 205f , 206f
Bow en- ra t io /energy ba lance (BREB), so i l
r esp i ra t io n s tudy by , 182
BREB.
See
B o w e n - r a t i o /e n e r g y b a l a n c e
Burn ing .
See
Fi re
c
Carbon cyc le .
See also
E c o s y s t e m c a r b o n
cyc le; Globa l ca rbon cyc le
CO2 prod uc t ion in , 18
coup led wi th c l ima te , 241
C a r b o n d i o x i d e ( CO 2 ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n
i n a t m o s p h e r e , 2 3 - 2 4
grad ien t s o f , 61-63 , 62f , 72f
greenhouse e f fec t s , g loba l warming and ,
26
l i t terfa l l inf luence of , 135-36
mycor rh izae in f luence on , 137
in NB L, 75-76 , 75f
n i t rogen minera l i za t ion in f luence on , 138
photosyn thes i s in f luence o f , 135
rh izo sph ere in f luence o f , 137
roo t exuda t ion in f luence o f , 137
roo t r e sp i ra t ion in f luence by, 135
so i l mo is tu re in f luence on , 138
soi l respira t ion inf luence of , 3 , 134, 134f
wind speeds and , 70-71 , 71f
Carb on d iox ide (CO2) e f flux
i n b i o m e s
crop f ie lds , 121t , 122f , 125-26
deser ts , 121t , 122f , 125
forest, 11, 19, 121-2 4, 1 21t, 122 f
gras sland , 11, 112-13, 116, 121, 121t ,
122f, 124
savannas /woodlands , 121 t , 122f ,
1 2 4 - 2 5
tund ra , 121 t , 122f , 124
wet land s , 121 t , 122f , 126-2 8 , 127t
C O2 p r o d u c t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t i n f l u e n c e
on, 239
e x p e r i m e n t a l w a r m i n g i n f lu e n c e o n ,
138-39 , 139f
fe r t i l i ze r in f luence on , 1 52-53
f ire in f luence on , 146-4 7
g loba l annua l , 243 , 243f
grad ien t va r ia t ion o f, 128-31
a l t i tude , 129-30 , 130f
la t i tudes , 128-29 , 129f
topography , 130-31 , 131f
m e a n a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n f l u en c e o n ,
113
by mic rob ia l r e sp i ra t ion , 18
by p lan t r e sp i ra t ion , 18
af te r r a in fa l l o r i r r iga t ion , 5
rate of, 5-7, 7f
at soi l surface, 18
roo t dens i ty v . , 42 , 44f
so i l d i f fus ion in f luence on , 8
so i l mois tu re in f luence on , 92-96 , 95f
at soi l surface, 67-70, 68f , 112
spa t ia l pa t t e rns o f
b iomes , 120-28 , 121 t , 122f , 127t
landscape level , 117-18, 118f
reg iona l sca le , 11 8-20 , 119f
stand level , 115-16, 117t
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e i n f lu e n c e o n ,
69, 69f
t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s o n
decada l and cen tenn ia l , 113-15 , 114f
d iu rna l and week ly , 108-9 , 110f
in te rannua l , 112-13 , 112f
seasonal , 110-12, 111f
C a r b o n d i o x id e ( CO 2 ) e n r i c h m e n t
expe r imen ts , 19 6 , 199-204 , 200f, 202f
O T C a n d F A C E f o r , 1 9 9 - 2 0 0
C a r b o n d i o x id e ( CO 2 ) p r o d u c t i o n .
by ace ta te fe rmenta t ion , 40
f rom l i t t e r decom pos i t ion , 35-3 6 , 36f,
49, 54
b y m e t h a n e o x i d a t i o n , 4 0
af ter ra infal l or i r r igat ion, 5
rate of, 5
in so i l , 35 -59 , 36f
b ioc hem is t ry o f , 36-4 2 , 36f , 37f , 39f,
7 9 - 8 0
in TCA cyc le , 36-39 , 37f
C a r b o n d i o x i d e ( C O 2 ) p r o d u c t i o n m o d e l s ,
2 3 0 - 3 9
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I n d e x
3 9
C arbon d i ox i de (C O 2) p rod uc t i on - t r ansp o r t
m ode l s , 239 -40 , 241 t
C a rbon d i ox i de (C O 2) t r anspo r t , 61 -76
di f fus ion coeff i c i en t s in , 65-66 , 66f
m e t h o d o f , 6 3 - 6 4
i n PB L , 74 -76
in p l an t canopy, 70-74 , 71f
segment s of , 61 , 62f
in so i l , 61-67
wind speed inf luence on , 70-74 , 71f ,
73f
C a rbon s t o rage and t r ad i ng
in forest , 29
K yo to P ro t oco l and , 28 -29
so i l r e sp i r a t i on and , 28 -32
Carbonic ac id reac t ion , CO2 ef f lux and ,
5 - 6
C arneg i e -A m es -S t an fo rd -A pproach m ode l ,
fo r ca rbon i npu t s i m u l a t i on , 230
C D C m e t h o d .
ee
C l o s e d d y n a m i c c h a m b e r
m e t h o d
C E N T U R Y m ode l
a s b iogeochem i ca l m ode l , 230 -31 , 233 ,
234t , 236f, 237-39
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 238 t
C h a m b e r m e t h o d s
c h a m b e r d e p l o y m e n t , 1 7 6 - 7 8
cham ber de s i gn , 165 t , 175 -76
com m erc i a l i n s t rum en t s fo r , 167 -69 ,
176-77 , 247-56
fo r m e asu r i n g so i l r e sp i r a t ion , 162 -63 ,
162f
movable- l ip chamber , 177
soi l col lars for, 175-76
Chemica l fe r t i l i zer .
ee
Fer t i l i z e r
Clear-cu t t ing .
ee
F o r e s t h a r v e s t i n g
C l i m a t e change
global carbon cycle regula t ion of , i x
g r e e n h o u s e g a se s a n d , 2 5 - 2 6
so i l r e sp i r a t i on and , 3 , 25 -28
C l i m a t e sy s t em , g l oba l c a rbon cyc le r e l a t ion
to, 3
C l i m a ti c w a r m i n g
m i c roo rgan i sm s i n f l uence o f , 142 -43
mois ture inf luence of , 143
n i t rogen m i ne ra l i za t i on i n f luence o f ,
1 3 8 - 3 9
re sp i r a t o ry r e sponse t o, ove r ti m e , 140
soi l carbon loss f rom, 140
so i l r e sp i r a t i on and , 138 -43
C l i pp i ng
seve r i ng subs t r a t e supp l y t o rh i zosphe re ,
191 -94
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 80 , 80f ,
151 -52 , 193
C l o s ed d y n a m i c c h a m b e r ( C D C ) m e t h o d ,
so i l resp i ra t ion s tudy wi th , 162f ,
163 -69 , 164~, 165t , 168f
C l osed s ta t ic ch am ber (C SC ) m e t ho d , so i l
resp i ra t ion s tudy wi th , 162f , 164f , 165t ,
170-71
CO2.
ee
C arbon d i ox i de
Cro p fields, CO2 efflux in, 121 t , 122f,
1 2 5 - 2 6
C SC m e t hod .
ee
Closed s t a t i c chamber
m e t h o d
Cul t iva t ion .
ee
A g r i cu l t u ra l cu l t i va t ion
D
De conv olu t ion ana lys i s , 210-11 , 210f , 211t
Defores t a t ion .
ee also
A n t h r o p o g e n i c
em i s s i ons
cessa t ion of , 23f , 29
Deserts , CO2 efflux in, 121t , 122f, 125
Di ffus ion coeff i c i en t s , i n CO2 t ranspor t ,
6 5 - 6 6 , 6 6 f
Diffusion, of CO2 in soi l , 63-67, 66f,
66t
D i r e c t c o m p o n e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d
in tegra t ion , 189
E
E ar t hw orm , a s m ac roo rgan i sm , 53 , 53 f
E cosys t em ca rbon cyc l e
pho t osyn t hes i s i n , 17 -18 , 18 f
so i l resp i ra t ion and , 17-21
E cosys t em p roduc t i v i t y
n i t rogen inf luence on , 101
i n so il re sp i r a t i on , 7 9 -85 , 85 f
so i l resp i ra t ion v . , 84-85 , 85f
E cosys t em re sp i r a t i on (Re )
defini t ion of, 6, 19
l a t it ude i n f l uence on , 128 -2 9
m e a s u r e m e n t o f, 1 8 1 - 8 2
response to prec ip i t a t ion , 143-44 , 143f
soi l respi rat ion v. , 6 , 19
E ddy cova r i ance , so i l r e sp i r a t i on s t udy by ,
165t , 182-83
E l ec t ron t r anspo r t pa t hw ay , i n ae rob i c
resp i ra t ion , 37-38 , 37f
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31 I n d e x
E m pi r i ca l m ode l s
m o i s t u re - r e sp i r a t i on m ode l s , 219 -24 ,
220f, 222t, 223f, 224f
mu l t ifac tor mo del s , 226-30 , 227t , 228f , 229f
o f so il r e sp i r a t ion , 215 -30
subs t r a t e - r e sp i r a t i on m ode l s , 224 -25 , 225 f
t em pera t u re - r e sp i r a t i on m ode l s , 215 -19 ,
217t, 218f
E xoenz ym es , l i tt e r decom pos i t ion and , 53 -5 4
E x p e r i m e n t a l m a n i p u la t io n m e t h o d s
d i r e c t c o m p o n e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d
in tegra t ion , 189
l i t t e r removal , 194-95 , 196f
root exc lus ion , 190
seve r i ng subs t r a t e supp l y t o rh i zosphe re ,
1 9 0 - 9 4
fo r so i l r e sp i r a t i on sou rce com ponen t
sepa ra t i on , 188 -95 , 188 f
E x p e r i m e n t a l w a r m i n g
CO2 ef f lux inf luence of , 138-39 , 139f
mois ture inf luence of , 143
F
FACE. S ee Free -A i r CO 2 E n r i chm en t
F A E W E . See Func t i ona l ana l y s i s o f
E u r o p e a n w e t la n d e c o s y s t e m s
F e r m e n t a t i o n
anae rob i c r e sp i r a t i on du r i ng , 39
CO2 genera t ion f rom, 40
Fe r t i l i z e r
NEP inf luence of , 21
NPP inf luence of , 21
Rb influe nce of, 21
Rm influe nce of, 21
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 8 , 81 , 152-54
F i re
so i l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 146-47
as subs t r a t e supp l y d i s t u rbance , 146 -47
F l ood i ng , ro o t r e sp i r a t i on i n f l uence o f, 45
Fore s t
CO2 efflux in, 11, 19, 112-13, 116 , 119 -20
subs t r a t e supp l y d i s t u rbances and
m an i pu l a t i ons i n , 147 -50
Fores t c a rbon s t o rage , de sc r i p t i on and cos t s
of, 29
F o r e s t h a r v e s t i n g
seve r i ng subs t r a t e supp l y t o rh i zosphe re ,
191-94 , 192f
so i l resp i ra t ion inf luences of , 147-50 ,
149f, 193
subs t r a t e supp l y d i s t u rbances by , 147 -50
Fores t -B G C
as b i ogeochem i ca l m ode l , 234 t , 236
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 238 t
Foss i l f ue l bu rn i ng . See A n t h r o p o g e n i c
em i s s i ons
Frac t ionat ion , of C3 v . C4 p lan t s , 196 -99 ,
199f
F ragm en t a t i on , de sc r i p t i on o f , 52 -53
Free -A i r C O2 E n r i chm en t (FA C E )
f or C O2 e n r i c h m e n t e x p e r i m e n t s , 1 9 9 - 2 0 0
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 134-35 , 134f
F u n c t i o n a l a n a l y s is o f E u r o p e a n w e t l a n d
ecosys t em s (FA E W E )
as b iogeochemica l model , 234t , 236 , 236f ,
237
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 238 t
F u n g i
c l i m a t ic w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 142 -43
in d i f fe ren t so i l t ypes , 102 , 103f
l i tt e r decom pos i t i on and , 54
G
G a s - w e ll ( G W ) m e t h o d
au t om a t ed sam p l i ng m ach i ne fo r , 178 -79 ,
179f
so i l resp i ra t ion s tudy by , 10 , 162f , 165t ,
178 -81
Global carbon cycle , 22-25 , 23f
c l i m a t e change r egu l a t i on by , ix
c l imate sys t em re l a t ion to , 3
G l oba l change m arke t s , 28 -29
G l o b al w a r m i n g
C O2 conc en t r a t i on and , 26
so i l r e sp i r a t i on and , 26 -28 , 27 f
Glycolys i s , i n aerobic resp i ra t ion , 37-38 , 37f
G ras s l and
bu rn i ng i n f l uence on , 146
CO2 efflux in, 11, 112-13, 116, 121, 121t ,
122f, 124 , 139
g raz i ng , c l ipp i ng , and sh ad i ng i n f l uences
on , 80 , 80f , 151-52 , 191-94
Q10 of, 14 0- 41 , 142f, 145
soi l resp i ra t ion in , 81 , 81f
Graz ing , so i l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 151
G re enho use e f fec ts , C O 2 conce n t r a t i on an d ,
26
G re enho use gase s , C O2 a s , 25 -26
Gross pr imary product ion (GPP) , 19 , 19 t
G W m e t h o d . See G a s - w e ll m e t h o d
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I n d e x
311
H
H et e ro t roph i c r e sp i r a t i on (Rh)
as ca t ego ry of so i l resp i ra t ion , 11, 18
change wi th increase of fores t age , 115
fer t i l i zer i n f luence on , 154
soi l resp i ra t ion ro l e of , 212
H i s t o so l
desc r i p t i on o f , 58 -59
format ion of , 58
H u m u s , 5 7
I
Indus t r i a l R evo l u t i on , c l i m a t i c changes
caused by , 133
I n f e re n c e a n d m o d e l i n g m e t h o d s , 2 0 9 - 1 1
deco nvo l u t i on ana l y s is , 210 -11 , 210 f , 211 t
r e g r e s s io n e x t r a p o l a t i o n a n d m o d e l i n g
analys i s , 209 , 209t
In f r a red gas ana l yze r ( IR G A ) , so i l r e sp i r a t i on
s tudy by , 10 , 162-63 , 162f
In te ran nu al var i ab i li ty , de scr ip t ion of , 6
IRGA.
ee
In f r a red gas ana l yze r
Irr igat ion, CO2 efflux after , 5
I so t ope m e t hod s , 195 -208 , 197 t
bom b 14C t r acer , 1 96 , 204 -7 , 205 f , 206 f
C O2 e n r i c h m e n t e x p e r i m e n t s , 1 9 6 , 1 9 9 -
204, 200f, 202f
f rac t ion at ion of C3 v . C4 p lan t s , 196 -99 ,
199f
l a b e li n g e x p e r i m e n t s , 1 9 6 , 2 0 7 - 8 , 2 0 7 f
K
K yoto P ro t oco l , c a rbon s t o rage and t r ad i ng
a n d , 2 8 - 2 9
L
L a b e l in g e x p e r i m e n t s , 1 9 6 , 2 0 7 - 8 , 2 0 7 f
LAI.
ee
L ea f a r ea i ndex
Lat i tude , so i l resp i ra t ion inf luence of ,
128 -29 , 129 f
L ea f a r ea i ndex (L A I) , so i l r e sp i r a t i on
co r re l a t i ons w i t h , 82 , 82 f
L i nkages , a s b i ogeoche m i ca l m ode l , 234 t,
236
L i t t e r decom pos i t i on
c l i m a t i c w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 157
C O 2 p rod uc t i on by , 35 -36 , 3 6 f , 49 , 54
desc r i p t i on o f , 49 -50
e x o e n z y m e s an d , 5 3 - 5 4
f r a g m e n t a t io n , 5 2 - 5 3
fung i and , 54
l i t terfal l v. , 50
m easu rem en t o f , 189
n i t rogen concen t r a t i on o f , 21 -22
ni t rog en inf luence on , 100 -101, 153f , 154
ra tes of, 51-5 2 , 51f , 52f , 55 , 56f
regula t ion of , 55
s o il o r g a n i s m s a n d , 4 9 - 5 5
soi l resp i ra t ion cont r ibu t ion of , 11 , 18 , 21 ,
152 , 153f , 195 , 196f , 201 -2 , 210 , 232
L i t te r r em o va l , 194 -95 , 196 f
Li t t e r fa l l
C O 2 conc en t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 135 -36
l i tt e r de com pos i t i on v ., 50
soi l resp i ra t ion v ., 20 , 20f , 82 , 83f , 118
M
M acroo rgan i sm s , l i t t e r decom pos i t i on and ,
52 -53 , 53 f
M ass t r ans po r t , o f CO 2 i n so i l, 63 -67
M e t hane ox i da t ion , C O 2 p rod uc t i on by , 40
M e t h a n o g e n s
CO2 ef f lux and , 5-6
C O 2 p rod uc t i on and , 40
M e t h a n o t r o p h s , C O2 p r o d u c t i o n a n d , 4 0
Microbia l resp i ra t ion (Rm).
ee also
H et e ro t roph i c r e sp i r a t i on
al t i t ude inf luence on , 130
b i o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n, 3 9 - 4 0 , 3 9 f
CO2 rele ase by, 18
fer t i l i za t ion inf luence on , 21
m oi s t u re i n f l uence on , 233
n i t rogen i n f l uence on , 100 -101
n i t rogen m i ne ra l i za t i on i n f luence o f , 22
02 concen t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 233
so i l r e sp i r a t i on con t r i bu t i on f rom , 209 ,
232
so i l t ex t u re i n f luence on , 233
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 233
M i c r o o r g a n i s m s
c l i m a t i c w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 142 -43
g r o u p s o f , 8 7 - 8 8
l i t t e r decom pos i t i on and , 52 -53 , 53 f
oxygen i n f l uence on , 99 , 99 f
so i l m o i s t u re i n f l uence on , 93 -94
t e m p e r a t u r e i n f l u en c e o n , 8 7 - 8 8 , 8 8 f
M ode l s
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e v a l u a t io n o f, 2 4 4 - 4 6
o f so i l r e sp i r a t i on , 2 15 -46
type s of , 215
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312
I n d e x
M ode l s c on t i nue d)
em pi r i ca l , 215 -30
m echan i s t i c , 215 , 230 -40
Mois ture .
See al so
So il m o i s t u re
expe r i m en t a l w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 143
l i t t e r decomposi t ion inf luence of , 55
microbia l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 233
root resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 233
SOC inf luence by , 57
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of, 11 6 , 119 ,
193-94 , 209 , 219-24 , 220f , 222t ,
223f, 224f
M ovab l e - l i p cham ber , fo r cham ber m e t hod
o f m easu re m e n t , 177
Mucige l , descr ip t ion of , 46
M y c o r r h i z a e
CO2 concent ra t ion inf luence of , 137
r h i z o d e p o s i t s a n d , 4 8 - 4 9
N
NBL.
See
N o c t u r n a l b o u n d a r y l a y e r
N E E . See N e t e c o s y s t e m e x c h a n g e
N em at ode , a s m i c roo rgan i sm , 52 , 53 f
NEP. See N e t e c o s y s t e m p r o d u c t i o n
N e t ecosys t em exchange (N E E ) ,
m e a s u r e m e n t o f, 1 8 1 - 8 2
N e t ecosys t em p roduc t i on (N E P)
descr ip t ion of , 19-20 , 19 t
fer t i l i za t ion inf luence on , 21
N e t p r i m ary p roduc t i on (N PP)
descr ip t ion of , 19-20 , 19 t
fer t i l i za t ion inf luence on , 21
so i l r e sp i r a ti on co r r e l a t i on w i t h , 85
of we t l ands , 126
N i t rogen
ecosys tem product iv i ty inf luence of , 101
l i t t e r decomposi t ion inf luence of , 100-101
m i c rob i a l r e sp i r a t i on i n f luence o f,
100 -101
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 99-101
in t i ssues , 100
N i t r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t io n
o f li t te r decom pos i t i on , 21 -22
root resp i ra t ion v . , 45
N i t rogen depos i t i on , so i l r e sp i r a ti on
inf luence of , 152-54
Nit rogen fixat ion, CO2 cost of , 100
N i t r o g e n m i n e r a l iz a t i o n
c l i m a t i c w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 138 -39
CO2 concent ra t ion inf luence of , 138
m i c rob i a l r e sp i r a t i on i n f l uence on , 22
Ni t rogen uptake , CO2 cos t of , 99-100
N o c t u rna l bou nd a ry l aye r (N B L ) , C O2
concen t r a t i on i n , 75 -76 , 75 f
NPP. See N e t p r i m a r y p r o d u c t i o n
N u t r i en t cyc l ing , so il r e sp i r a t ion and , 2 1 -22
O
O cean , ca rbo n ab so rp t i on o f, 23
O D C m e t h o d . See O p e n d y n a m i c c h a m b e r
m e t h o d
O p e n d y n a m i c c h a m b e r ( O D C ) m e t h o d ,
Closed s t a t ic cham ber , 162f , 164f , 165t ,
169 -70
Open- top chambers (OTC), for CO2
e n r i c h m e n t e x p e r i m e n t s , 1 9 9 - 2 0 0
OTC.
See
O p e n - t o p c h a m b e r s
O xygen . See Soi l oxygen
P
PBL. See P l a n e t a ry b o u n d a r y l a ye r
Pen t ose phosph a t e pa t hw ay , i n ae rob i c
resp i ra t ion , 37-38 , 37f
Phosp ho rus , so i l r e sp i r a t i on i n f l uence o f ,
116, 154
P h o t o s y n t h e s i s
14CO2 fixa tion by, 2 04, 207
CO2 concent ra t ion inf luence on , 135
in ecosys tem carbon cycle , 17-18 , 18f
r o o t r e s p i ra t io n c o n s u m p t i o n o f c a r b o n
from, 42
soi l resp i ra t ion cont ro l by , 80-81 , 81f ,
109
P l ane t a ry bounda ry l aye r (PB L )
C O2 t r ansp o r t i n , 74 -76
descr ip t ion of , 74
Plant canopy, CO2 t ranspor t i n , 70-74 , 71f
Plant resp i ra t ion (Rp) . See al so A ut o t roph i c
re sp i r a t i on
CO2 relea se by, 18
g row t h v . m a i n t enance r e sp i r a t i on o f , 232
PnET-II
a s b i ogeochem i ca l m o de l , 234 t, 236 -37 ,
236 f
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 238 t
Pra i r i e . See G r a s s l a n d
Prec ip i t a t ion
CO2 efflux after, 5
ecosys t em re sp i r a t i on r e sponse t o ,
143-44 , 143f
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I n d e x
3 1 3
so i l r e sp i r a t i on i n f l uence on chang es i n ,
143-46 , 215 , 227t
Press ure , CO2 ef f lux inf luence of, 69 , 69f
P ro t ozoan , a s m i c roo rgan i sm , 52 , 53 f
Q
Q10
calcula t ion of , 237
descr ip t ion of , 89
f i re in f luence on , 146-47
of pra i r i e , 140 -41 , 142f
so i l m o i s t u re i n f l uence on , 145 -46
of so i l resp i ra t ion , 10, 89 -91 , 9 0f , 91 t , 138
R
Ra.
ee
A b o v e g r o u n d r e s p i r a t io n
Rainfal l .
ee
Prec i p i t a t i on
RB.
ee
B e l o w g r o u n d r e s p i r a ti o n
R e c o m m e n d e d m a n a g e m e n t p r a ct ic e s
(RMPs) , t o incre ase so i l carbo n, 31 , 31f,
32f
R e g r e s s io n e x t r a p o l a t io n a n d m o d e l i n g
analys i s , 209 , 209t
R esp i r a t o ry quo t i en t (R Q )
desc r i p t i on o f , 40 -42
of root resp i ra t ion , 41 t
of soi l , 42, 43f
Rh.
ee
H et e ro t roph i c r e sp i r a t i on
R h i z o d e p o s i t s
bac t e r i a l decom pos i t i on o f, 48
m y c o r r h iz a e a n d , 4 8 - 4 9
i n r h i z o s p h e r e , 4 6 - 4 9
S O M d e c o m p o s i t io n a n d , 4 9
R h i z o s p h e r e
c l i pp ing i n f l uence on , 151 -52
C O 2 conc en t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 137
desc r i p t i on o f, 46
p rocesse s o f , 46 -48 , 47 f
r h i z o d e p o s i t i o n i n , 4 6 - 4 9
seve r i ng subs t r a t e supp l y t o , 190 -94
R h i z o s p h e r e r e s p i r a ti o n
C O 2 p rod uc t i on by , 35 -36 , 3 6 f
w i t h l ab i l e ca rbon supp l y , 46 -49 , 47 f
a s so i l r e sp i r a t i on com ponen t , 201 -2
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 91 -92 , 91 t , 157
Rm.
ee
M i crob i a l r e sp i r a t i on
RMPs.
ee
R e c o m m e n d e d m a n a g e m e n t
p rac t i ce s
Root densi ty, CO2 efflux v. , 42, 44f
R oo t exc l u s i on , 190
R o o t e x u d a t i o n
C O 2 con cen t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 137
as so i l r e sp i r a t ion p roces s , 210
R oo t r e sp i r a t i on , 42 -46 .
ee also
B e l o w g r o u n d r e s p i r a ti o n
b i o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n , 3 9 - 4 0 , 3 9 f
C O 2 conc en t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 135
C O 2 p rod uc t i on by , 35 -36 , 3 6 f , 42 - 43
env i ronm en t a l f ac t o r s i n f l uence on , 45
f looding , 45
t em p era t u re , 45 , 86 -8 7 , 87 f , 91 -92 , 91 t
es t imat ion of , 190
m easu rem en t o f , 189
m oi s t u re i n f l uence on , 233
n i t rogen conc en t r a t i on v ., 45
02 concen t r a t i on i n f l uence on , 233
p h o t o s y n t h e t i c c a r b o n c o n s u m p t i o n b y, 4 2
regu l a t i on o f , 44 -45 , 233
RQ of, 41t
so i l resp i ra t ion cont r ibu t ion of , 11 , 42 ,
195 , 196f , 209 -10 , 212 , 213f
so i l tex t u re i n f l uence on , 233
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 233
R o o t tu r n o v e r
rate of, 50
as so i l r e sp i r a t i on p roces s , 210
R o t h a m s t e d m o d e l
a s b i ogeoche m i ca l m o de l , 231 , 233 , 234 t ,
236 f , 237 -38
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 238 t
Rp.
ee
Pl an t r e sp i r a t i on
RQ.
ee
R esp i r a t o ry quo t i en t
s
Sava nnas , CO2 ef f lux in , 121t , 122f , 124 -25
Seasona l va r i a t ions , i n so i l r e sp i r a ti on ,
110 -12 , l l l f , 196 f
S h a d i n g
seve r i ng subs t r a t e supp l y t o rh i zosphe re ,
1 9 1 - 9 4
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 80 , 80f , 152 ,
193
SO C poo l .
ee
So il o rgan i c ca rbon poo l
Soda - l i m e t r app i ng , so i l r e sp i r a t i on s t ud y
wi th , 162f , 164f , 165 t , 172-73
Soil
ca rbon capac i t y o f, 30 -32 , 31 f
ca rbon con t en t o f, 23
ca rbon l o s s f rom , 30
ca rbon s t o rage i n , 29 -30 , 32
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I n d e x
Soil
c o n t i n u e d )
C O2 p rodu c t i on i n , 35 -59 , 36 f
CO2 release at surface of, 67-70, 68f
C O2 t r ansp o r t i n , 61 -67
defini t ion of, 5
descr ip t ion of , 61
roo t t u rnove r r a t e s i n , 50
RQ of, 42, 43f
Soi l co l l a rs , for chamber methods , 175-76
Soi l degassing, CO2 efflux and, 5, 96
Soi l di ffusion, CO2 efflux influence of, 8
So i l m i c robes , so i l r e sp i r a t i on con t r i bu t i on
of, 11
So il m o i s t u re
CO2 concent ra t ion inf luence of , 138
CO2 ef f lux inf luence of, 92-9 6 , 95f , 144 ,
144f
expe r i m en t a l w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 143
m i c roo rgan i sm s i n f l uence o f , 93 -94
Q10 influe nce of, 14 5-4 6
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 10 , 92-97 ,
92f, 97f, 116, 119-2 0, l19f, 144 , 215,
226, 227t, 232
subs t r a t e sup p l y in f l uence o f, 93 -94 , 138
topography inf luence of , 131
Soi l o rganic carbon (SOC) pool
inf luences on , 57
s i ze of , 55-57
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 82-83 , 84f ,
117
Soi l o rganic mat t e r (SOM)
agr i cu l tura l cu l t iva t ion and loss of , 156
composi t ion of , 57
decomposi t ion of , 18 , 21 , 55-59 , 195 ,
196f
c l i m a t i c w a rm i n g i n f l uence on , 157
CO2 product ion by , 35-36 , 36f
m easu rem en t o f , 189
ni t rogen inf luence on , 153f , 154
rh i zodepos i t s and , 49
as so il r e sp i r a t ion com ponen t , 201 -2 ,
210
t em pera t u re i n f l uence on , 92
descript ion of, 18, 55
div i s ions of , 57-58 , 58f
fo rm a t i on -deco m p os i t i on cyc l e of , 232
no- t i l l age and , 156
processes of , 58f
So il o rgan i sm s , l i t t e r decom pos i t i on and ,
4 9 - 5 5
Soi l oxygen
microorgani sms inf luence of , 99 , 99f , 233
root resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 233
soi l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 98-99 , 98f ,
225 , 225f
Soi l pH, so i l resp i ra t ion inf luence of , 102-4
Soi l resp i ra t ion
annua l g ro s s p r i m ary p roduc t i v i t y v . ,
8 4 - 8 5 , 8 5 f
basa l , 82 , 120 , 228
i n b i om es
crop f i elds, 121t , 122f , 125 -26
deser t s , 121t , 122f , 125
forest , 11, 19, 121-24, 121 t , 122f
grass l an d , 11, 112-13 , 116 , 121 , 121t,
122f, 124 , 139
savannas / w ood l ands , 121 t , 122 f , 124 -25
tund ra , 121t , 122f , 124
we t l ands , 121t , 122f , 126 -28 , 127t , 145
categories of, 11
autot rophic, 11, 18, 212, 213f
heterot rophic, 11, 18, 212
c l i m a t e change and , 3
c l i m a t i c w a rm i ng i n f l uence on , 139 -40
cl ipping inf luence on , 151-52
CO2 conc ent ra t ion inf luence on , 3 , 134 , 134f
cont r ibut ion to , 11
l i t t e r decomposi t ion , 11 , 18
root resp i ra t ion , 11 , 212 , 213f
so i l micro bes , 11
cont ro l l ing fac tors of , 8 , 24 , 79-105
chem ica l fe r t i li zer , 8
com bi na t i ons o f , 104 -5
n i t rogen , 99 -101
phospho rus , 116
prec ip i t a t ion , 143-46 , 215 , 227t
so i l m oi s ture , 10 , 92-97 ,
9 2 f , 9 7 f ,
116,
119-20 , l 19f, 144 , 144f, 215 , 219-
24, 220f, 222t, 223 f, 224 f, 226 , 227t
so i l oxygen , 98 -99 , 98 f
so i l pH, 102-4
soi l tex ture , 10 1-2, 1 03f, 119
subs t ra t e supply , 79-8 5 , 80f , 109 , 118 ,
135, 215 , 224-25 , 225f
t em per a ture , 10 , 24-2 5 , 85-92 , 119 ,
215-19, 217t , 218f, 226, 227t
vege ta t ion types , 112 , 117 , 128
def in i t ion of , i x , 3 -7
descr ip t ion of , 35
ecosys t em p roduc t i v i t y i n , 79 -85 , 8 O f , 85f
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I n d e x
ecosys tem respi ra t ion v ., 6
envi ronmenta l fac tors inf luencing , 45
es t imat ions of , 161-85
ecosys tem r e sp i r a t ion me asu remen t ,
181-82
NEE measu remen t , 181 -82
FACE inf luence on , 134-35, 134f
f ire inf luence on , 146-47
fores t harv es t ing inf luence on , 147-50,
148f
g loba l wa rm ing and , 26 -28 , 27 f
gradient var ia t ion of , 128-31
al t i tude , 129-30, 130f
lat i tudes, 128-29, 129f
topography, 130-31, 131f
graz ing inf luence on , 151-52
impor tance and ro les of , 17-32
carbon s torage and t rad ing , 28-32
cl imate change , 25-28
ecosys tem carbon ba lance , 17-21
nut r ien t cyc l ing , 21-22
regional and g lobal carbon cyc l ing ,
22 -25
LAI cor re la t ions wi th , 82 , 82f
litterfall v., 20, 20f, 82, 83f, 118
methods of s tudy of , 161-85
alkal i absorption, 8-10, 162f, 164f, 165t ,
171-72, 172f
BREB, 182
CDC, 162f, 163-69, 164f, 165t , 168f
chamber des ign and dep loymen t ,
175-78
classif icat ion of , 162-63, 162f
com par ison of, 165t , 183-85, 184f
CSC , 162f, 164f, 165 t , 170-71
eddy covar iance , 165t , 182-83
gas chromatograph, 162f, 164f, 165t ,
174-75, 184f
gas-well (GW ) me tho d, 10, 162f, 165t ,
178-81
IRGA, 10, 162-69 , 162f, 184f
misce l laneous indi rec t , 181-83
ODC , 162f, 164f, 165t , 169-70
soda-l ime trapping, 162f, 164f, 165t ,
1 7 2 - 7 3 , 1 8 4 f
model ing synthes is and ana lys is of ,
2 1 5 - 4 6
CO2 p roduc t ion mode l s , 23 0 -39
CO2 p roduc t ion - t r anspo r t mode l s ,
2 3 9 - 4 0
315
empir ica l models , 215-30
mode l dev e lopmen t and eva lua ti on ,
2 4 4 - 4 6
model ing a t d i f fe rent sca les , 241-44
NPP cor re la t ion wi th , 85
photosynthes is inf luence on , 80-81 , 81f ,
109
processes of , 210
Q10 of, 10, 89-91, 90f, 91t
regula t ion of , 38-39
re sea rch on
history of , 7-13, 9f
papers publ i shed on , 4 , 4f
responses to d is turbances of , 133-58
agr icul tura l cu l t iva t ion , 155-56
c l ima t i c wa rm ing , 1 38 -43
e l evat ed C0 2 concen t r a ti on , 134 -38
mul t ip le fac tor inf luences , 156-58
ni t rogen depos i t ion and fer t i l i za t ion ,
152 -54
prec ip i ta t ion f requency and in tens i ty
changes , 143-46
subs t r at e supp ly d i s tu rbances and
man ipu l a t i ons , 146 -52
seasonal pa t te rns of , 6 -7
shading inf luence on , 152
SOC inf luence o n , 82-8 3 , 84f , 117
source component separa t ion of , 187-214,
188f
expe r imen ta l man ipu l a t i on me thods ,
188-95, 188f
inference ana lys is , 1 88 , 188f
In fe r ence and mode l ing me thods ,
209 -11
iso tope methods , 188, 188f , 195-208,
197t
re la t ive cont r ibut ions , 212-14, 213f
spa t ia l pa t te rns in , 115-28
biomes , 120-28, 121t , 122f , 127t
landscape , 117-19, 118f
regional scale, 118-20, 119f
stand level , 115-16, 117t
tempora l var ia t ions in , 108-15
decadal and centennia l , 113-15,
l 14 f
diurna l and weekly , 108-9 , 108f
in terannual , 112-13, 112f
seasonal , 110-12, 111f
of to ta l b iosphere resp i ra t ion , 24 , 243-4 4,
243f