Post on 19-Jul-2015
transcript
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
IN
INDO - CHINA
Indo - China is a small peninsula in South-East Asia. It consists of Laos, Cambodia
and Vietnam.
VIETNAM AND CHINA
• Vietnam was under the shadow of Chinese empire.
• (i) Vietnam followed the Chinese system of government and Chinese culture.
• (ii) Chinese language was the language of the educated Vietnamese people. They followed Chinese system of education.
• (iii) Confucianism, a Chinese religion, had many followers in Vietnam.
• (iv) Vietnam was connected to Maritime silk route.
The French troops reached Vietnam in 1858. They defeated china in a war and got control over Tonkin
and Annam. In 1887, the French Indo-China was formed.
FRANCE AND OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS LOOKED FOR COLONIES
• Colonies were necessary due to the following reasons:
• (i) They were rich in natural resources. So, they provided raw materials to European industries.
• (ii) Europeans could use colonies as markets to sell their finished goods.
• (iii) Europeans wanted to spread western culture in the colonies.
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY FRANCE IN VIETNAM
• The French built irrigation canals. They drained Mekong delta and encouraged rice cultivation.
• They built roads and railway lines. For example:-Trans Indo-China railway route.
• Rubber plantation was introduced in
Vietnam.
• Land reform measures were undertaken.
• Modern education was introduced.
RICE AND RUBBER CULTIVATION IN VIETNAM
TRANS INDO – CHINA RAILWAY
PAUL BERNARD ASKED THE FRENCH TO TAKE STEPS TO DEVELOP VIETNAM
• According to Paul Bernard, colonies were acquired with the aim of making profits.
• If colonies were developed, the standard of living of the people would improve.
• The people would demand more and more foreign goods. So, the French can sell more goods and get more profits
BARRIERS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN VIETNAM
• Huge population size.
• Low agricultural productivity.
• Indebtedness among the peasants.
INTRODUCTION OF MODERN EDUCATION IN VIETNAM
• The French introduced modern education:-
• to spread western culture and civilization.
• to get educated workers for low-paid jobs.
• to make the Vietnamese , their loyal supporters.
DILEMMA OF MODERN EDUCATION
• The French wanted to civilise the people of Vietnam. They were also in the need of an educated labour force. So, they decided to introduce modern education.
• At the same time, the French had a fear that the education would create the following problems:-
• Educated people may oppose colonial domination.
• The colons feared that, they would lose their jobs to the educated Vietnamese.
MEDIUM OF EDUCATION
• Some people argued that the French should be used as the medium of education. It would help in spreading western culture and civilisation.
• Some others argued that Vietnamese should be the medium in the lower classes and French in the higher classes.
• Those who learn French and adopt French culture could be given French citizenship.
• Finally, the rich were allowed to study in French schools and poor in the Vietnamese schools.
DRAWBACKS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM INTRODUCED BY THE FRENCH IN VIETNAM
• The government followed the policy of deliberately failing the students.
• Education was limited to the rich people.
• The textbooks glorified the French rule and culture and degraded Vietnamese culture.
TONKIN FREE SCHOOL
• It was started in 1907 to provide western education.
• Science, hygiene and French were taught along with the other subjects.
• The school encouraged students to adopt western style of living. Students had to cut their hair short.
TONKIN FREE SCHOOL
SCHOOL TEXT BOOKS
• The school textbooks glorified French culture and supported French rule.
• The Vietnamese were shown as primitive and backward people.
• The Vietnamese could do only manual labour not intellectual labour.
• The children were made to believe that only French rule could provide peace to Vietnam.
• The schools forced the students to give up Vietnamese lifestyle and follow French lifestyle.
PROTEST BY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS
• Teachers and students did not follow the curriculum blindly. They opposed it openly.
• Students organised a movement against the Saigon Native Girls schools which expelled a student.
• They formed political parties like Party of Young Annan and published a journal called AnnaneseStudent.
SAIGON NATIVE GIRLS SCHOOL INCIDENT
• In Saigon Native Girls School, a Vietnamese girl sitting in the first bench was asked to go to the back bench in order to allow a colon girl to occupy the first bench.
• She was expelled from the school when she refused to obey.
• The students who opposed this action were also expelled.
• This led to large scale protests. So, the government asked the school to take back the students.
GO EAST MOVEMENT
• Nearly 300 students of Vietnam went to Japan to get modern education.
• Their real aim was to overthrow the French rule with the help of Japan.
• They set up Restoration Society in Tokyo.
PLAGUE IN HANOI
• The French part of the city of Hanoi was beautiful with all modern facilities.
• The native part was unclean without sanitation facilities.
• The dirty water from the old city joined the river. The sewers of modern city became a breeding ground of rats.
• The rats entered the French houses through sewage pipes and spread plague.
RAT HUNT
• The modern city of Hanoi was affected by plague.
• It was spread by the rats which lived in sewers. So, rats had to be killed.
• Vietnamese were employed to kill the rats. The workers started collective bargaining.
• Some of them cut the tail to show as proof and released the rats.
• Some of them reared rats to earn money.
NATIVE PART OF HANOI
MODERN PART OF HANOI
RELIGION AND ANTI COLONIALISM
• The French effort to destroy the religious believes and traditions of Vietnam created anti-French feelings.
• Scholars’ revolt was organised by the French.
• Hoa Hao movement encouraged anti-French feelings among the people.
• Political parties got the support of the religious groups in the struggle for freedom.
SCHOLAR’S REVOLT
• It was an armed revolt led by the officers of the Kings Court.
• It was against the spread of Christianity and the French rule.
HOA HAO MOVEMENT
• It was a religious movement started by Huynh PhuSo in 1939.
• He performed miracles and helped the poor. He opposed child marriages, useless expenditure, gambling and the use of liquor.
• The French called him mad [MAD BONZE] and sent him to a mental hospital. Later he was sent out of Vietnam.
PHAN BOI CHAU
He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He formed the revolutionary society in 1903. He wrote a book titled ‘The History Of The Loss Of Vietnam’. He wanted to
overthrow the French rule with the help of the Monarchy.
PHAN BOI CHAU
• He accepted monarchy.
• He did not want to revolt against monarchy.
• He wanted to get the help of monarchy to oppose French rule.
• He supported Vietnamese culture and opposed western ideas.
• He wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy
PHAN CHU TRINH
• He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He was against Monarchy. He wanted to establish a Modern Democratic Republic. He supported the French ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
PHAN CHU TRINH
• He wished to overthrow monarchy.
• He planned an uprising against monarchy.
• He did not want to get the help of monarchy.
• He supported modern ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality.
INFLUENCE OF JAPAN AND CHINA ON VIETNAMES NATIONALISTS
• Japan became a modern nation. So, Vietnamese considered it as a model. The people who escaped from French police took refuge in Japan.
• Many students went to Japan in the name of education, but their real aim was to get Japan’s support for freedom struggle.
• They set up restoration society in Japan.
• Sun Yat Sen’s movement ,which overthrew monarchy in China, inspired Vietnamese nationalists.
EFFCTS OF GREAT DEPRESSION ON VIETNAM
• Great depression led to a fall in the prices of rice and rubber. This affected the farmers badly.
• Export earnings of Vietnam decreased sharply.
• Unemployment and poverty became severe.
• It led to many revolts in villages.
HO CHI MINH
HO CHI MINH
• Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of the Vietnamese freedom struggle. He:
• united the nationalist groups and formed the Indo-Chinese communist party.
• became the president of North Vietnam and introduced many socialist policies.
• formed a people’s army called Vietminh to fight against foreign powers.
• led the communists and the struggle for freedom for 40 years.
• organised his people for their heroic struggle against American troops.
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE NEW REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
• The french troops tried to re-establish their control over Vietnam. So, the new republic had to fight a war.
• Vietnam was divided into two parts in the Geneva Conference.
• The U.S.A entered into the Vietnamese war. So, the new republic had to fight against the most powerful country of the world.
• Use of chemical weapons and destruction of towns and villages by the American forces made the people’s life miserable.
BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU: It was a battle fought between the French and the Vietminh in 1954. The French were
defeated in this battle.
GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1954
• It was organised by the U.N.
• It was decided to divide Vietnam into two parts.
• The North under Communist rule and South under Bao Dai[Puppet of the U.S.A]
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT
• Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem.
• He set up an oppressive and dictatorial government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and jailed.
• He allowed Christianity and banned Buddhism. So, the people turned against him.
• They formed the NLF and started a war against his government with the support of North Vietnam.
USA INTERFERES IN VIETNAMESE WAR
• The U.S.A decided to interfere in Vietnamese war because:
• America was strongly against communist movement. They had a fear that the victory of communists of Vietnam would lead to the spread of communism in Asia.
• The U.S.A policy makers underestimated the strength of the Vietnamese nationalists. They expected a quick victory.
EFFECTS OF VIETNAMESE WAR ON USA
• American people opposed their county’s involvement in the war.
• Only non-graduates had to join the army. So, many poor men had to go to Vietnam.
• Many Americans were killed and many were wounded. So, their relatives turned against the government.
• Many books were written and films were made to show the sufferings of the American troops.
US MEDIA AND FILMS
• U.S media and films were divided over the issue of U.S involvement in Vietnamese war.
• Some movies like Green Berets directed by John Wayne supported the war.
• Some other movies like ‘Apocalypse Now’, directed by John Ford Coppola opposed the war and showed its bad effects.
HO CHI MINH’S TRAIL
• Ho Chi Minh’s Trail was a network of roads and footpaths. Most of the trail was in Laos and Cambodia. It was used by the Vietnamese in their war against the U.S forces.
• It was used to transport goods and people from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.
• It was used for the quick movement of forces from one war front to the other.
• It was used to supply food, arms and ammunition to the soldiers.
• It had support bases and hospitals along the way.
HOCHI MINH’S TRAIL
ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTI-IMPERIALIST STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM
• Plays, novels and paintings were made about the heroic women of the past such as Trung sisters and Trieu Au in order to create patriotism among the people.
• Women joined the army and fought bravely against the American troops. They succeeded in shooting down war planes.
• They were dedicated workers. They carried rifle on their back and worked in the field.
• They were involved in nursing the injured, constructing underground rooms and tunnels.
• They worked as helpers in Ho Chi Minh’s Trail. They carried goods.
TRUNG SISTERS
• They were two Vietnamese women who fought against the Chinese domination.
• Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on their lives.
• When they lost the war, they killed themselves. The Vietnamese people considered the Trung sisters as great patriots.
TRUNG SISTERS
TRIEU AU
• She organized an army to fight against the Chinese.
• She lived in the forest and led the war. She killed herself when she lost the war.
TRIEU AU
END OF THE WAR
• Common people of the U.S.A opposed their country’s involvement in the war. Movies and media showed the miseries of the American soldiers.
• (ii) American forces suffered heavy damages. Many were killed in the war.
• (iii) World opinion turned against the U.S. many writers and thinkers supported Vietnam.
• (iv) A peace agreement was signed in January 1974 and the war ended when Saigon was freed.
NEW REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
THE END
THANK YOU