INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

A Mixed Blessing

How do you live?How do you live?

Where do you live?

What is your daily life like?

Why do you live like this?

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

How did Enlightenment ideas lead to the Industrial Revolution?

Sir Francis Bacon

Prelude: The Population Prelude: The Population ExplosionExplosion

Famine WarDisease Stricter quarantine

measures The elimination

of the black rat

Further Reasons for Further Reasons for Population GrowthPopulation Growth

• Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox

• Improvements in sanitation promoted better public health

• An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics, especially as transportation improved

The hand of a person infected with smallpox

The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement

In the second half of the 17th century, the English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure Acts, prohibiting peasants’ access to common lands.

The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, England around 1760

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution: Period of time between the 1700-1800’s when methods of producing goods changed dramatically. Countries changed for rural to urban centered.

Machines became much more important in production of products

Industrial Revolution began in Britain, but spread to the rest of Europe and the U.S. (England first industrial nation)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Industrialization is the process of making products in large factories rather than at home or in small workshops – The increased output of machine-made

goodsWhat changes do you think resulted from

Industrialization?– Name 5 changes

Why did Industrialization start Why did Industrialization start in England?in England?

1) Big Labor Supply: Lots of workers2) Natural Resources: Coal and Iron Ore3) Investment Capital: Money to start a business4) Entrepreneurs: People who start and organize businesses5) Transportation: Canals, Ships, great navy6) Markets to Sell Products: British colonies7) Government support: Government helped factories and industrialization

How did the Industrial How did the Industrial Revolution Happen: Revolution Happen:

NATURAL RESOURCES

1) Water Power and Coal (To power machines)

2) Iron Ore (To make machines)

3) Rivers (For transportation)

4) Harbors (For ships to trade)

EFFECTS: Britain had all resources necessary to support industrialization

How did the Industrial How did the Industrial Revolution Happen: Revolution Happen:

FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONEnough Resources needed to produce goods

Land: Good land near water

Labor: Many Workers

Capital: Enough money for investment

Raw Materials: Had colonies that supplied raw materials (wood, metal, etc.) cheaply

How did the Industrial Revolution Happen:How did the Industrial Revolution Happen: AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNew Farming Methods Enclosures: Large fields created when wealthy landowners

bought smaller plots of landFenced in their property and prevented small farmers from using land

Crop Rotation: Rotation of crops to increase crop yields and output

EFFECTS:

1) Small farmers went to cities for jobs (Urbanization)

2) Food output increased--- living conditions improved

Townshend’s Townshend’s Four-Field SystemFour-Field System

crop rotation examplecrop rotation example

Enclosure MapEnclosure Map

Agricultural innovationsAgricultural innovations

– Jethro Tull invented the mechanized seed drill around 1701. Uniform seeding allowed weeding between the rows of seedlings during growth, thus improving crop yield.

Agricultural innovationsAgricultural innovations

Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine (c. 1796) for use with crops. The machine separated the grain from the stalks and husks

Without the greatly increased yields that these machines fostered, society would not have gained the security in its food supply that allowed for increased industrial specialization and innovation in areas other than agriculture.

QuizQuiz

1) Define the “Industrial Revolution”2) Define “Industrialization”3-4) Provide two reasons why Britain was

the first country to industrialize5) What is the difference between rural and

urban?

Technological Advances during Technological Advances during the Ind. Revolutionthe Ind. Revolution

Domestic system – Work done in home

Factory System– Machines were too big and expensive for homes

so they moved to cities/next to water

Technological Advances during the Ind. Technological Advances during the Ind. RevolutionRevolution

Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves): Increase ability to turn out thread more quickly

Water Frame (Richard Arkwright): Used water power to run a spinning machine

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): Automatic sorting of fibers from seeds

Steel-Making (Bessemer Process): A quick and cheap method of making steel from iron

(Watt Steam Engine): Steam engine that burned coal

Electricity (A. Volta & M. Faraday): First battery & electric generator.

Electricity: TeslaElectricity: Tesla

In the 1880s, electrical engineer Nicholas Tesla perfected the principles of alternating current. The electric coil, or the Tesla coil, keeps the current consistent in the power lines.

Gave industry dependable sources of power

Electricity: EdisonElectricity: Edison

Thomas Edison

Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

Water Frame to Power the JennyWater Frame to Power the Jenny

Steam EngineSteam Engine

Stevenson’s RocketStevenson’s Rocket

TelegraphTelegraph

Steel:Steel:Bessemer ConverterBessemer Converter

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Changed Western society forever by raising the Standard of Living

However, workers had hard lives– Worked 14 hour days at the same dull task with no job

security in unsafe conditions– Parents were forced to send their children to work as

young as 6 years old– If they were sick, injured or failed to keep up they were

fired or beaten– Women made 30c to the dollar/children and the elderly

made less

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Urbanization occurred at a rapid pace– Ex. Between 1801 and 1851 the city of Birmingham

England grew from 71,000 to 233,000

Hospital, sanitation, police and housing could not keep up.

People lived whole families of six to one room or had no housing at all.

Open sewers, polluted rivers and dirty streets allowed disease to spread.

26% of all children died before the age of 5

QuizQuiz

Name 3 effects of industrialization.

Your family lifeYour family life

Describe what your family life is like.

What kind of family life is necessary to keep society functioning well?

Compare/contrast it to family life during the Industrial Revolution.

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization Preindustrial England

– Families lived in small villages and worked together– Had a sense of belonging and history

Industrial England– Long hours and irregular work schedules kept families

apart– Runaways and abandoned children roamed the streets– Alcohol consumption increased– Status of older people dropped—their experience was no

longer valued so they lost authority and respect.

Effects of Industrialization Effects of Industrialization (Positive)(Positive)

Positive Effects– Raised the standard of living

Goods priced reasonably and plentiful– Created jobs– Offered some workers chance for

advancement through development of special skills and educationFirst public school began during this time

– Chance of entering middle class

The New Middle Class The New Working Class

New Social StructureNew Social StructureThe social class structure that emerged during the

Industrial Revolution can be broken down as follows:– Upper Class: Very rich industrial families; nobles– Upper Middle Class: Businesspeople and professionals,

including lawyers and doctors– Lower Middle Class: Other professionals, including

teachers, shop owners, and office workers– Working Class: Factory workers and small farmers– Impoverished: Itinerant workers and the unemployed

Dangerous Working ConditionsDangerous Working Conditions

5 year old factory worker5 year old factory worker

7 year old factory worker7 year old factory worker

Runaway Factor WorkerRunaway Factor Worker

Effects of Industrialization Effects of Industrialization (Negative)(Negative)

Difficulties for factory workers– Child labor (6 Year Olds+)– Work-related accidents/death– Physical abuse of workers (Whippings)– Long work hours (Working by the clock)– Wages often low– No job security

Child LaborChild Labor

Factory owners argued that child labor was good for the economy and helped build children's characters

Factory Act of 1833: limited child labor and the number of hours children could work in textile mills

Female Factory WorkersFemale Factory Workers

Labor/Trade UnionLabor/Trade Union

By the end of the 19th century, labor conditions had greatly improved. These improvements, however, had only been achieved with pressure from workers, who increasingly protested their terrible working conditions. Workers eventually organized their gatherings and protests into trade unions.

In 1780 and 1799, Combination Laws made it illegal for workers to gather together to pressure employers for shorter hours, higher pay, or better working conditions. As a result, trade unions in effect became illegal and working conditions deteriorated.

Effects of Industrialization Effects of Industrialization (Negative)(Negative)

Tough life in cities–Bad housing conditions–Disrupted family life–Poor sanitation–High crime rates–High rates of disease/mortality

26/100 kids died before age of 5

TenementsTenements

MethodismMethodismJohn Wesley“Instant salvation”

– People go to heaven by acting morally and believing in God

Appealed to the working class– Working class had little time for

religious activities and no money for donations

Minister spoke directly to the people in native language and made them feel socially accepted– Meetings were often social events

New Economic TheoriesNew Economic Theories

Adam SmithAdam Smith1723–1790 1723–1790

Adam Smith laid the intellectual framework for the concept of the free market

Self-interest guides the use of resources

No gov’t interference in the economy Wrote The Wealth of Nations

Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus 17661766––18341834

In An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), Malthus predicted that the food supply would not meet the needs of the growing population

Expensive food prices and shortages would keep the price of labor low as more people worked.

David Ricardo David Ricardo 17721772––18231823

The “Iron Law of Wages”

Wages will only rise to the very minimum needed for a worker to survive.

Working class is trapped in poverty

Karl Marx Karl Marx 18181818––18831883

Philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx is regarded by many as the most influential economic and social thinker of the 19th century

Society faced a constant battle between the rich and the working class.– Battle due to private ownership

If there was no private ownership then there would be no conflict.– Communism and Socialism

Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Karl MarxKarl Marx

Believed that capitalism had to be replaced by new system of Government called communism.– Communism: A complete form of socialism where all property

and the means of production are owned by the people. All goods and services shared equally. No Gov’t.

– Socialism: Public ownership of business by workers or the government. Equal division of country’s wealth

– Capitalism: Private ownership of the means of production

Saw history as exploitation (abuse) by the wealthy over the poor– Haves: Those who control means of production– Have-nots: Those who work but get no rewards

Theories of Karl MarxTheories of Karl Marx

History involves class struggle– Bourgeoisie: Capitalists who own means of

production

VS.– Proletariat: Wage-earning laborers

Those who own means of production control the Government and the laws – They make laws benefiting the Bourgeoisie

“Those who have the gold make the rules”

Communist Manifesto—Marx and Communist Manifesto—Marx and Engels, 1848Engels, 1848

“The Communists…openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE!”

Theories of Karl MarxTheories of Karl Marx

Class Struggle results in working class revolution– Rich Capitalists will drive out small business

owners, who will become workers.– Working class keeps growing as more people

become poor. Soon there would be only a few rich people and the proletarian masses

– Workers would take control of means of production (factories)

– Workers would take control of Government – Classless society would develop where everyone

shares the wealth and ‘the state’ will wither away

Karl Marx TheoriesKarl Marx Theories

The results of the workers’ revolutions:– Socialism: Public ownership of the means of

production (No more capitalists)– Communism: All goods and services shared

according to each’s needs (No more Government)

Failure of Marx’s PredictionsFailure of Marx’s Predictions1) Workers actually saw their condition improve

(They did not want revolution)2) Governments often pass laws benefiting workers

(not just for the rich—such as Medicare/SSI)People motivated by more than economics (politics,

religion, psychological forces)3) Attempts at Communism have usually failed

– Soviet Union

QUIZQUIZ

Define the following:

1. Communist Manifesto

2. Laissez Faire

3. Utopia

4. Proletariat

5. Communism

Flow ChartFlow ChartCreate a flow chart showing the progression of

history according to Karl Marx. You must include the following terms. – Capitalism– Workers’ Revolution– Class Struggle– Communism– Socialism

The flow chart must have at least one picture that represents each term.

Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham 17481748––18321832

Utilitarianism: “The greatest good for the most people” or “The greatest good over the least pain”

Robert OwenRobert Owen17711771––18581858

Utopian socialistFounded New Lanark Mills in Scotland as a model cooperative factory Many industrialists visited New Lanark, and a few adopted aspects of

Owen’s cooperative

British IndustrializationBritish Industrialization

FranceFrance

Couldn’t keep up with British industrialization

French Revolution and resulting political chaos hindered economic development

French Industrialization French Industrialization after 1848after 1848

Government investment Public spending Telegraph

A. Braun, Rue de Rivoli, 1855 or after

GermanyGermany The Zollverein

– Customs unions– Created better trade

by reducing tariffs and competition

Tariffs– Charges to goods to

cross into a country

Cultural Impact: RomanticismCultural Impact: Romanticism

The Romantics glorified the divine power of nature as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution’s achievement of controlling nature through technology.

Cultural Impact: The Visual ArtsCultural Impact: The Visual Arts

French artist Honore Daumier painted the poor and working classes. In Third-Class Carriage (shown here), he illustrates with great compassion a group of people on a train journey.

J.M.W. Turner

The Fighting “Temeraire”

Cultural Impact: The Visual ArtsCultural Impact: The Visual Arts

Cultural Impact: LiteratureCultural Impact: Literature

Charles Dickens (1812–1870)

Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist

Emile Zola Wrote Germinal

– Spoke about the oppression of miners in France

Cultural Impact: LiteratureCultural Impact: Literature

Overall effects of the Industrial Revolution:Overall effects of the Industrial Revolution:

Thousands of people moved from rural to urban centers where manufacturing was located. This led to crowding and the creation of slums in the cities.

New social class divisions emerged including a new wealthy “bourgeoisie” (middle class), the owners of the factories and other industrial enterprises, as well as a new lower working class, which often had poor working conditions and lived in poverty.

Overall effects of the Industrial Revolution:Overall effects of the Industrial Revolution:

Industrialization brought significantly high levels of environmental pollution. The burning of coal for energy and home heating often blackened city skies.

Increased food production and manufactured goods meant greater availability and lower prices. This meant economic improvement for many people in the industrialized countries and a higher standard of living.

By 1900, many people in the Western world consumed more and lived longer than their predecessors.

Was the Industrial Revolution more beneficial or harmful?

SUMMARYSUMMARY