PPT made by : Tushaar Tulsiyan tushaar_tulsiyan@rediffmail.com

*An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years

*The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically

*More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history

*The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines

*The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

⦿ Machines were invented which replaced human labor⦿ New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery

– water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)●Some historians place advances in atomic, solar, and wind

energy at the later stages of the Industrial Revolution⦿ Increased use of metals and minerals

●Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.⦿ Transportation improved

●Ships○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers

●Trains●Automobiles

⦿ Communication improved●Telegraph●Telephone●Radio

⦿Mass production of goods●Increased numbers of goods●Increased diversity of goods produced

⦿Development of factory system of production⦿Rural-to-urban migration

●People left farms to work in cities

⦿Development of capitalism●Financial capital for continued industrial growth

⦿Development and growth of new socio-economic classes●Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class

⦿Commitment to research and development●Investments in new technologies●Industrial and governmental interest in promoting

invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth

The Second Industrial Revolutions

⦿ The second Industrial Revolution was from 1870 to 1960

● The Second Industrial Revolution takes place in England, Germany, Japan, and Russia

● Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and houses

● Use of electrical power enter the marketplace (electric lights, radios, fans, television sets)

Transportation⦿Railroads

●Great Britain – Cape-to-Cairo railroad vertically across Africa

⦿Canals●Suez Canal (1869) – provided access to the Indian Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa●Kiel Canal (1896) – North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea●Panama Canal (1914) – provided access from one side of the Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of South America

●They connected Britain with the other continents

Economic Changes:

⦿Mass production made manufactured goods less expensive, so more people could afford them

⦿ Standard of living wasn’t as good as before, because they earned less money.

■Ancient Period – Weapons - Bow and arrow

■Medieval Period – Blacksmith, Carpenter, Artisans

■Exchange of goods and division of labour started

1. Feudal system – Primary industry was agriculture.

2. Guild system – Trade came into being.

3. Domestic system – Head of family controlled the entire production.

* Seen today in the form of cottage industries.

* India Industrially advanced in the rule of Akbar and Jehangir.

* Spices, cloth and Indigo exported to Europe.

* Decline of Indian Industry – 1. Industrial revolution in the west2. Competition from the foreign

goods which were machine made

*Began after the British took over*1850-60 – Jute Mills were established

*Railway system started at the same time

*Textile Mills established in Bombay And Ahemadabad

*1911 – J.D. Tata – Steel Mill in Jamshedpur

*Sea routes blocked

*Impossible to Import and Export goods

*Real progress came after the II world war

*Post-Independence Period –

*Herculean efforts to develop the Indian industry

*Five year plans for industrial development

*Simple relations in Agricultural society

*Direct, close and personal *Ex- Crafts – Worked at residences engaging all the members of family in the work

*No division of labour*Modern – Complex and intricate relations

1. Big industries2. Trade Unionism3. Headache of

Management4. Amenities5. Impersonal character6. Stress on organisation7. Division of labour8. Problem of sale 9. Less manual labour10. Stress on human

relations11. Adequate wages

1. Social adjustments2. Setback to customs and traditions3. Setback to handicrafts4. Effect on Family system5. Health problems6. Problem of Moral standards7. Disproportionate urban rural

development8. Problem of Taxation9. Deterioration in urban environment

Thank You for Watching