transcript
- Slide 1
- Information Gathered from Hugh Rosss Books about God of the
Universe as well as the Science that runs the Universe (1) The
Fingerprint of God: Recent Scientific Discoveries Reveal the
Unmistakable Identity of the Creator (2) The Genesis Question:
Scientific Advances and the Accuracy of Genesis (3) Creation and
Time: A Biblical and Scientific Perspective on the Creation-Date
Controversy (4) The Creator and the Cosmos: How the latest
Scientific Discoveries Reveal God (5) Beyond The Cosmos: The
Extra-Dimensionality of God: What Recent Discoveries in
Astrophysics Reveal about the Glory and Love of God
- Slide 2
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day One In the beginning God
created the heavens and the earth. And the earth was formless and
void, and darkness was over the surface of the deep; and the Spirit
of God was moving over the surface of the waters. Then God said,
Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw that the light
was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. And God
called the light day, and the darkness He called night. And there
was evening and there was morning, one day. Initially, there was
nothing, and then light was created. As it moved out, away from the
creation point, it became mass as electromagnetic radiation was
converted into mass in the form of the elementary particles such as
electrons, protons and neutrons. This is the Big Bang event that is
believed to have occurred at the beginning of time. As things were
formed, they all began moving away from the creation point and
outward in three dimensions. All scientists agree that Life on
planet earth originated in the oceans, where the Spirit of God was
hovering, or moving over the waters. Genesis 1:1-5
- Slide 3
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Two Genesis 1:6-8 Then God
said, Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let
it separate the waters from the waters. And God made the expanse,
and separated the waters which were below the expanse from the
waters which were above the expanse; and it was so. And God called
the expanse heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a
second day. This is the beginning of the hydrological cycle that
dominated the weather on Earth, the condensation and evaporation of
water gives the storms their energy.
- Slide 4
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Three Genesis 1:9-13 Then God
said, Let the earth sprout vegetation, plants yielding seed, and
fruit trees bearing after their kind, with seed in them, on the
earth; and it was so. And the earth brought forth vegetation,
plants yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit,
with seed in them, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.
And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. This is
the proper order of how life began on earth. There were plants
before any animals could be present as they were the food for the
animals, which initially were all herbivores living on plants. Note
that it specifically stated that seeds were present so that the
plants could reproduce and spread after their kind, in other words
one species of plant could not change into another species of
plant.
- Slide 5
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Four Genesis 1:14-19 Then God
said, Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate
the day from the night, and let them be for signs, and for seasons,
and for days and years; and let them be for lights in the expanse
of the heavens to give light on the earth; and it was so. And God
made the two great lights, the greater light to govern the day, and
the lesser light to govern the night; He made the stars also. And
God placed them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the
earth, and to govern the day and the night, and to separate the
light from the darkness; and God saw that it was good. And there
was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. The sun and stars
had been created earlier, but from our viewing point on earth
nothing could be seen due to the heavy dense atmosphere. So at this
point the atmosphere was made transparent so that sun light could
reach the surface where plants needed the sun light for
photosynthesis. The moon was also created at this point, and that
explains the atmosphere clearing, from the collision that formed
the moon. This would place the timing of the fourth day about 4.25
billion years ago (slide 7).
- Slide 6
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Five Genesis 1:20-23 Then God
said, Let the waters teem with swarms of living creatures, and let
birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the heavens. And
God created the great sea monsters, and every living creature that
moves, with which the waters swarmed after their kind, and every
winged bird after its kind; and God saw that it was good. And God
blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters
in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth. And there was
evening and there was morning, a fifth day. We know that life began
in the oceans not on land, so it makes sense that God would create
creatures in the oceans first as well. The Great Sea Monsters could
be the dinosaurs, as they began first in the oceans, and then moved
on to land. When God saw how much they ate, and dominated the
earth, God did not want them to destroy His prized creation, so he
exterminated them by Flood Basalt volcanism (Daccon Flood Basalts,
65 MYr). Note that with creatures of the sea God used the same
wording, that they would reproduce after their kind.
- Slide 7
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Six Genesis 1:24-31 Then God
said, Let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind:
cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth after their
kind; and it was so. And God made the beasts of the earth after
their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and everything that
creeps on the ground after its kind; and God saw that it was good.
Then God said, Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our
likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the
birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and
over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. And God created
man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and
female He created them. And God blessed them; and God said to them,
Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and
rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky, and
over every living thing that moves on the earth. Then God said,
Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is on the
surface of all the earth, and every tree which has fruit yielding
seed; it shall be food for you; and to every beast of the earth and
to every bird of the sky and every green plant for food, and it was
so. And God saw all that He made, and behold, it was very good. And
there was evening and there was morning, the Sixth day.
- Slide 8
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Six Animals were created
before man, who was introduced later to rule over and control the
other animals. Man has been responsible for many species going
extinct and is not controlled or threatened by any animal, Man is
in charge of Planet Earth. This is an assumed responsibility, and
it is hard to live up to, and as a species, we have failed!
- Slide 9
- The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Seven Genesis 2:1-4 Thus the
heavens and the earth were completed, and all their hosts. And by
the seventh day God completed His work which He had done; and He
rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. Then
God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He
rested from all His work which God had created and made. This is
the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in
the day that the Lord God made earth and heaven. Biologically we
find that we are not discovering any new species, which would agree
with the statement that Gods creating of different life forms has
ceased completely. All we see are slight variations occurring to
compensate for changes in our environment, which is what Darwins
idea of evolution states. We are still in the seventh day, which
also tells us that the use of Yom did mean long time periods not 24
hr days. God is waiting for his return to Earth his creation; this
will occur at the return of Jesus as foretold in the book of
revelation.
- Slide 10
- Young or Old Earth? In 1642 Cambridge University
Vice-Chancellor John Lightfoot calculated a date for the creation
of the universe of September 17, 3928 BC, based upon the
genealogies in Genesis, Exodus, 1 and 2 Kings, and 1 and 2
Chronicles. This was corrected in 1650 by James Ussher, an Anglican
archbishop in Ireland, making it October 3, 4004 BC. These dates
and time scale were widely backed by the church for many years,
driving many scientists and other people away from God! In 1961
Henry Morris, a civil engineering Professor and John Whitcomb, a
theology Professor, published a book entitled The Genesis Flood, in
1963 the Creation Research Society (CRS) was formed to push the
young-earth teaching. By 1970 the teaching of evolution became
legal in all states, the Institute for Creation Research was
established in 1972 to push the idea of a young earth and Gods
creation of the earth. With these dates, the Earth must be 6,000
years old in 2004! The Hebrew word yom is used in Genesis for day,
and in Hebrew it has three meanings; (a) sunrise to sunset, (b)
sunset to sunset, (c) a segment of time without any reference to
solar days (anywhere from weeks to a year to several years to an
age or epoch). It cannot be used for infinite time, but only for a
specific time period. How do the ages that are found by Science
agree with these ideas of young age that are being pushed by the
young earth creationists?
- Slide 11
- Age of the Universe 1.Expansion of the Universe from the Big
Bang! Astronomers have been able to measure the motion and speed of
Galaxies and the even older, more power-packed bodies called
quasars. What they see is that the farther away the object, the
faster it is moving away. This set of facts tells us that the
universe is expanding outward from a starting point in space and
time. Confirmation of this expansion time measurement comes from
observations of the temperature and smoothness of the cosmic
background radiation. The latest results give dates accurate to
within 15%. 2. Stellar Burning! The color and brightness of a star
will tell how long it has been burning if we know its mass. This is
based upon models of stellar formation and upon nuclear physics
experiments and theories. These estimates of the ages of the stars
should be accurate to within 5%. 3. Abundances of Radioactive
Elements! Heavy elements are produced only during fast neutron
capture in supernovae explosions. These giant exploding stars
produce the heavy elements by neutron capture on a rapid time
scale. Since we still have some of these long lived isotopes on
earth, we can tell the age of the earth. Since shorter isotopes are
not present, we also know that the earth is old and not young.
- Slide 12
- Components of Matter All Matter consists of Elementary
Particles, called Atoms, which are composed of Protons, Neutrons
and Electrons. (P +, N or n, e - ) (A proton is normally designated
as 1 H) Neutrons are unstable outside of the Nucleus, where they
are combined with protons and held together by the strong Nuclear
Force, without being combined with a proton, a Neutron is unstable,
and decays by a Radioactive Decay process. n P + + e - + Energy or
n 1 H + e - + Energy This process is called Beta decay and occurs
when ever there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom. A
Beta particle is nothing more than a high speed (Energy!) electron,
normally traveling at a speed of a fraction of the speed of light (
3.7 x 10 8 m/s) with an energy of millions of electron volts.
- Slide 13
- How are Elements Produced? - I Neutron Capture Long Time Scale
Star Hydrogen Burning This process is called Nuclear Fusion and is
the source of Energy in Stars such as our sun! 1 H + 1 H 2 H + + (
+ = a positive electron, or positron, a particle of anti-matter!) (
2 H = Deuterium, a Heavy isotope of Hydrogen, containing one Proton
and one Neutron) When anti-matter and normal matter come into
contact with each other, they destroy each other, producing energy
in the form of Gamma-rays! e - + + 2 ( 511 kev)
- Slide 14
- How are Elements Produced? - II The process continues until
nearly all of the hydrogen has been used up producing Helium
(several hundred billion years), and then the star undergoes the
second phase of stellar burning, helium fusion. 1 H + 1 H 2 H + H +
2 H He (He = Helium) 2 H + 2 H 3 He + 1 n 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n 3 He
+ 3 He 4 He + 2 1 H 3 He + 1 H 4 He + + This is where our Star, the
Sun obtains its energy currently, and these Nuclear reactions are
occurring producing energy (light and heat) as well as Helium. This
will continue for several billion years.
- Slide 15
- How are Elements Produced? - III Radioactive decay There are
several forms of radioactive decay, we will only consider two:
Alpha decay Heavy elements, Uranium and Thorium etc. 238 U 4 + 234
Th +Energy Beta decay Neutron rich Isotopes 14 C - + 14 N +
Energy
- Slide 16
- How are Elements Produced? - IV The Neutrons that are produced
by the previous nuclear reactions are captured by other isotopes
producing neutron rich isotopes. Some of these isotopes are not
stable due to the large numbers of Neutrons and they undergo beta
decay, where a neutron decays into a proton, producing a new
element! Several examples are given below, and on the following
slides. 12 C(n, ) 13 C (Stable) 13 C(n, ) 14 C (Radioactive, 5730
year T 1/2 ) 14 C - + 14 N 14 N(n, ) 15 N (Stable) 15 N(n, ) 16 N
(Radioactive, 7.1 sec T 1/2 ) 16 N - + 16 O 16 O(n, ) 17 O (Stable)
17 O(n, ) 18 O (Stable) 18 O(n, ) 19 O (Radioactive, 26.9 sec T 1/2
) 19 O - + 19 F 19 F(n, ) 20 F (Radioactive, 11.0 sec T 1/2 ) 20 F
- + 20 Ne 20 Ne(n, ) 21 Ne (Stable)
- Slide 17
- How are Elements Produced? - V 21 Ne(n, ) 22 Ne (Stable) 22
Ne(n, ) 23 Ne (Radioactive, 37.2 sec T 1/2 ) 23 Ne - + 23 Na 23
Na(n, ) 24 Na (Radioactive, 15.0 hr T 1/2 ) 24 Na - + 24 Mg 24
Mg(n, ) 25 Mg (Stable) 25 Mg(n, ) 26 Mg (Stable) 26 Mg(n, ) 27 Mg
(Radioactive, 9.4 min T 1/2 ) 27 Mg - + 27 Al 27 Al(n, ) 28 Al
(Radioactive, 2.3 min T 1/2 ) 28 Al - + 28 Si 28 Si(n, ) 29 Si
(Stable) 29 Si(n, ) 30 Si (Stable) 30 Si(n, ) 31 Si (Radioactive,
2.6 hr T 1/2 ) 31 Si - + 31 P 31 P(n, ) 32 P (Stable) 32 P(n, ) 33
P (Radioactive, 14.3 d T 1/2 ) 33 P - + 33 S 33 S(n, ) 34 S
(Stable) 34 S(n, ) 35 S (Radioactive, 87.2 d T 1/2 ) 35 S - + 35 Cl
35 Cl(n, ) 36 Cl (Radioactive, 3.01 x 10 5 yr T 1/2 ) 36 Cl - + 36
Ar 36 Ar(n, ) 37 Ar (Radioactive, 35.0 d T 1/2 ) 37 Ar + e - 37
Cl
- Slide 18
- How are Elements Produced? - VI 37 Cl(n, ) 38 Cl (Radioactive,
37.2 min T 1/2 ) 38 Cl - + 38 Ar 38 Ar(n, ) 39 Ar (Radioactive, 369
yr T 1/2 ) 39 Ar - + 39 K 39 K(n, ) 40 K (Radioactive, 1.28 x 10 9
yr T 1/2 ) 40 K - + 40 Ca 40 Ca(n, ) 41 Ca (Radioactive, 1.03 x 10
5 yr T 1/2 ) 41 Ca + e - 41 K 41 K(n, ) 42 K (Radioactive, 12.4 hr
T 1/2 ) 42 K - + 42 Ca 42 Ca(n, ) 43 Ca (Stable) 43 Ca(n, ) 44 Ca
(Stable) 44 Ca(n, ) 45 Ca (Radioactive, 162.7 d T 1/2 ) 45 Ca - +
45 Sc 45 Sc(n, ) 46 Sc (Radioactive, 83.8 d T 1/2 ) 46 Sc - + 46 Ti
46 Ti(n, ) 47 Ti (Stable) 47 Ti(n, ) 48 Ti (Stable) 48 Ti(n, ) 49
Ti (Stable) 49 Ti(n, ) 50 Ti (Stable) 50 Ti(n, ) 51 Ti
(Radioactive, 5.76 min T 1/2 ) 51 Ti - + 51 V 51 V(n, ) 52 V
(Radioactive, 3.76 min T 1/2 ) 52 V - + 52 Cr 52 Cr(n, ) 53 Cr
(Stable)
- Slide 19
- How are Elements Produced? - VII Because of gaps in Nuclear
Stability, and the binding energy per Nucleon, it is impossible to
make elements above Iron by simple Neutron capture and Beta decay!
The only way to produce elements heavier than Iron is by neutron
capture on a fast time scale before any of the short lived
intermediaries can decay. This must occur during a super Novae
explosion, where many neutrons can be captured in a very short time
scale (~ 10 -6 sec). Since elements above Iron are very common on
earth, we must have been cycled through at least one super Novae
explosion. Followed by subsequent beta decay until we reach Nuclear
stability. Example: 55 Fe(n, ) 56 Fe(n, ) 57 Fe(20n,20 ) 87 Fe 87
Fe - + 87 Co 8 - + 79 Br
- Slide 20
- How are Elements Produced? - VIII Since there are no Stable
elements above the mass of Bismuth, we must have neutron capture on
a fast time scale to make elements such as Uranium, which do exist
on earth! For example: 209 Bi + 29 1 n 9 - + 238 U The existence of
heavy elements on earth with long half-lives shows that every thing
on Earth was at least once cycled through a supernovae
explosion.
- Slide 21
- Known nuclides
- Slide 22
- Clarification of some fine Points! On some of the previous
slides, I was using Scientific notation, and it needs to be
explained! In Scientific notation, a number that is very large, or
very small can be indicated in an abbreviated form. A number is
given as a number between 1 & 10 followed by a factor of 10
multiplier. N x 10 n Examples: 100 = 1 x 10 2 one hundred 1,000 = 1
x 10 3 one thousand 1,000,000 = 1 x 10 6 one million 1,000,000,000
= 1 x 10 9 one billion 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 x 10 12 one trillion
0.001 = 1 x 10 -3 one thousandth 0.0000001 = 1 x 10 -6 one
millionth 0.0000000001 = 1 x 10 -9 one billionth 0.0000000000001 =
1 x 10 -12 one trillionth
- Slide 23
- Natural Decay Series of Existing Isotopes 40 K 40 Ar + - T 1/2
= 1.29 x 10 9 yrs 87 Rb 87 Sr + - T 1/2 = 4.8 x 10 10 yrs 232 Th
208 Pb T 1/2 = 1.4 x 10 10 yrs 235 U 207 Pb T 1/2 = 7 x 10 8 yrs
238 U 206 Pb T 1/2 = 4.5 x 10 9 yrs
- Slide 24
- Radiogenic Dating methods The Parent radioisotope decays to the
daughter in the time indicated as the half-life. In all changes of
this type, of the atoms decays to the daughter in the time
indicated. By measuring the quantity of the parent isotope present
and the quantity of the daughter present one can calculate the
quantity of time that has elapsed since the material being tested
has been isolated from outside interference. In the case of the
Long lived Uranium and Thorium decay series, there are elements in
the decay series that are Noble gases, and being a gas could be
lost, but if they are lost, the apparent decay time would be
shorter, not longer! Models of Element production by the S and R
processes are used to know how much was initially formed in the
Primordial Universe.
- Slide 25
- Figure 21.3: The decay of a 10.0-g sample of strontium-90 over
time.
- Slide 26
- Radioactive Dating Methods The most common dating method is 14
C which has a Half-life of 5730 years decays by Beta emission (a
high energy electron), in which a neutron changes into a proton to
produce the product 14 N. Professor Willard Libby developed the 14
C dating method, and received the Nobel prize for developing the
technique in 1960. This method has been used for many years, and as
long as representative samples are used, the method delivers
excellent data, on samples with ages up to approximately 50,000
years. To measure the very long times needed in the ages of the
Earth and Universe, we use the very long lived naturally occurring
isotopes such as: 235 U, T 1/2 = 7.04 x 10 8 yrs (704,000,000 yrs);
Eventually forming 207 Pb 238 U, T 1/2 = 4.47 x 10 9 yrs
(4,470,000,000 yrs); 206 Pb 232 Th, T 1/2 = 1.40 x 10 10 yrs
(14,000,000,000 yrs). 208 Pb One Stable Isotope of Lead is 204 Pb
which is have not found in any radioactive decay series of a
naturally occurring Isotope; indicating that it was formed in the
original big bang event, and represents premordial formation. Each
of these decays to a different lead isotope which can be measured,
giving a dating method that can be used to date the ages of not
only the Earth, but almost any physical object that contains
matter.
- Slide 27
- Natural Decay series for Uranium 238 238 U 234 Th 234 Pa 234 U
230 Th 226 Ra 222 Rn 218 Po 214 Pb 218 At 214 Bi 210 Tl 214 Po 210
Pb 206 Hg = decay 210 Bi 206 Tl = decay 210 Po 206 Pb 238 U -- 8
decays and 6 decays leaves you with -- 206 Pb
- Slide 28
- Age of the Universe Relaxation times of star clusters > 4
Billion Years Erosion on Mercury, Mars, and the Moon > 4 Billion
Years Star stream interactions in galaxies > 8 Billion Years
Expansion of the Universe 15.5 + 4.0 Billion Years Color-Luminosity
fitting of Stars 18.0 + 2.4 Nucleochronology (Radioisotopes) 17.0 +
4.0 Deuterium abundance and mass density 19.0 + 5.0 Anthropic
Principles 17.0 + 7.0 Mean age = 17 + 3 Billion Years
- Slide 29
- The Greatest Discovery of the Century-I 1)Fact: The universe is
only billions of years old, not quadrillions or a nearly infinite
number of years. Theological significance: Religious and
philosophical systems depending on infinite or near infinite age
have no foundation in reality. 2) Fact: The universe can be traced
back to a single, ultimate origin of matter, energy, time and space
(with the dimensions of length, width, and height). Theological
significance: The cause of the universe i.e., the Entity (Creator)
who brought the universe into existence existed and created from
out-side (independent) of the matter, energy, and space-time
dimensions of the universe.
- Slide 30
- The Greatest Discovery of the Century-II 3) Fact: The universe,
our galaxy, and our solar system exhibit more than sixty
characteristics that require exquisite fine-tuning for their very
existence, and also for the existence of life (any kind of physical
life, not just life as we know it). Theological significance: The
Entity (Creator) who brought the universe into existence must be
personal, intelligent, powerful, and caring, for only a
super-intelligent, super-powerful Person could design and
manufacture what we see, including life; caring, for only care
could explain the enormous investment of creative effort, the
attention to intricate detail, and the comprehensive provision for
needs. Observations by the COBE satellite of tiny ripples in the
radiation left over from the Big Bang. Evidence for the birth of
the universe!
- Slide 31
- The Nucleochronology dating methods use the half-lives of long
lived radioisotopes and their daughters to measure the long time
periods involved in the ages of the Earth, Moon, and Universe. Age
of the Universe 17+ 3 Billion Years Age of the Earth 4.57 Billion
Years Age of the moon 4.25 Billion Years Age of the Solar System
-
- Slide 32
- Ages in the Earth-Moon system Based upon Earths position
relative to the sun, it should have an atmosphere 40 times as dense
as it has! What happened to the atmosphere? The answer is our over
sized moon! Something happened about 4.25 billion years ago. The
moon is moving away from Earth at a rate of several cm per year!
This implies that the moon was in contact with the Earth
approximately 4.25 billion years ago. The moon is younger than the
earth. Radioisotopic dating methods show that the Earth is 4.57
billion years old, and from Apollo samples brought back from the
moon, it is only 4.25 billion years old. The size of the moon also
puts a drag on the earths rotational velocity, and the Earths
rotation is definitely slowing down. The moon also has a slightly,
but significantly different chemical and Isotopic composition than
does the Earth, proving that they did not form from the same dust
cloud orbiting around the sun. It is postulated that an impactor
approximately the size of Mars (nine times the mass of the moon,
and one-ninth the mass of Earth), hit the earth and blew the
atmosphere (containing methane and ammonia) into space, but
retaining the water, which is heavier.
- Slide 33
- The Response of Young Earth Creationists Challenge 1:
Astronomers are wrong about the distance to stars and galaxies.
Reply: The implication is that astronomers determine the distances
of cosmic objects by only one method: the red-shifts of spectral
lines. And because red-shift measurements of distances may possibly
be off by a large percentage, the distances reported by astronomers
are considered unreliable. This, however, is not true. Astronomers
use a wide variety of distance measuring tools. While disagreement
does exist over which are the most reliable, the uncertainties
hover around 10 to 15 percent. Challenge 2: God could have created
the light waves already in transit. Reply: This argument obviously
belongs to the appearance-of-age category. The overlooked fact here
is that star light and galaxy light give direct indications of
their travel distances. The spectral lines (light waves at various
frequencies) of stars and galaxies are broadened in direct
proportion to the distance they travel. The random motions of gas
clouds in space cause this effect. The radiation between spectral
lines, called the continuum, grows redder as it travels through
interstellar and intergalactic dust. This reddening, like the
effect of forest fire smoke on our view of the sun, is directly
proportional to the distance the light has traveled. Both theory
and observations confirm that the broadening and reddening effects
are reliable indicators of light-travel time and distance, even up
to billions of light years.
- Slide 34
- The Response of Young Earth Creationists Challenge 3: Light may
have traveled faster a few thousand years ago. Reply: The work of
two Australian creationists has been widely publicized among
proponents of a young universe. Barry Setterfield and Trevor Norman
teamed up to propose that the reason the universe appears old is
that light used to travel much faster than it does today. Given
decay in lights velocity, the present value of the velocity of
light would yield an inaccurate measure of the size and age for the
universe. The basis for this claim is a misinterpretation of data
from speed-of-light measurements made over many years. What the
data actually show is the increasing refinement of measurements,
not a change in velocity. The first calculation of the speed of
light was attempted in 1675 by Olaus Romer, a Danish astronomer.
His figure was about 3% higher than the modern measurements show.
But the uncertainty in his measurements exceeded 3%. If Romer had
had more precise data for one part of his calculation, his
speed-of-light figure would have agreed with modern measurements to
within 0.5%. Apparently the article describing this research was
misunderstood by the Australians, and they took the 1675 speed
figure as evidence for the speed-of-light decreasing by 0.5%.
- Slide 35
- The Response of Young Earth Creationists Challenge 4: Light may
take a shortcut through space. Reply: This argument arises from the
work of young-universe creationist Harold Slusher, who picks up the
idea proposed in 1953 by Parry Moon and Domina Spencer who were
trying to overthrow Einsteins theory of relativity. Their theory
was that light could travel in a different type of space, a highly
curved type of space, and therefore travel faster than its fixed
speed. They backed up their theory with no mathematics, or facts,
and Slusher did not know how well proven Einsteins theory of
relativity is accepted and understood by scientists.
- Slide 36
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - I Sample
Evidence A: The continents are eroding too quickly Erosion
measurements show that the continents are lowered by wind, rain,
etc., at a rate of about 0.05 millimeters per year. At this rate,
the continents (averaging about 800 meters in elevation) would
disappear in about 16 million years. Since continents do still have
considerable elevation, the earth must be younger than 16 million
years. Reply: The fallacy lies in its failure to acknowledge that
lava flows, delta and continental shelf buildup (from eroded
material), coral reef buildup, and uplift from colliding tectonic
plates occur at rates roughly equivalent to, and in many cases far
exceeding, the erosion rate. The Himalayas, for example, as a
result of tectonic uplift, are rising at a rate of about 15
millimeters per year. The San Gabriel Mountains, just north of Los
Angeles, are rising at an average rate of 9 millimeters per year.
Lava flows have increased the land area of the state of Hawaii by
several square miles since its admission into the United States in
1959. The amount of land mass added each year as a result of
volcanoes and tectonics is roughly independent of the total
continental land area. Therefore continental land area continues to
increase until there is enough land area that the rate of erosion
equals the rate of build up. The time required for the continents
to build up from 0% of the global surface area to the present 30%
(and equilibrium) takes about 2 billion years. Thus continental
erosion is an argument for an old rather than a young earth.
- Slide 37
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - II Sample
Evidence B: Dust accumulates too quickly on the moons surface. In
the 1950s measurements at Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii by a
geophysicist found nickel on air filters, and he assumed that since
it is rare in crustal material it must all be from meteorites.
Using the data that meteorites are about 2.5% nickel, they
calculated that some 14 million tons of space dust settles on the
earth every year. Applied to a 4 billion year old moon, this would
be 145 feet. Since we know that there is only about 2.5 inches on
the moon, this has been used to give an age for the moon of only
about 10,000 years by the young-universe creationists. Reply: I
have done 10 years of aerosol measurements at Mauna Loa myself, and
the Nickel found on atmospheric aerosols is predominately of
Crustal origin, not extraterrestrial. In fact the quantity of
extraterrestrial material can be measured by an excess of Iridium
and it is much less, amounting for only about 20 thousand tons of
extraterrestrial dust falling on the earth per year. This number is
in good agreement with that obtained from satellites, 23 thousand
tons per year. If we use the best data available on the cosmic dust
in fall rate we obtain an age of the moon of 4.25 billion years, in
agreement with the radiogenic dates for the moon, not the young
earth date of 6,000 years!
- Slide 38
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - III Sample
Evidence C: The earths magnetic field is decaying too rapidly. The
earths magnetic field has decreased steadily since measurements
were first taken some 150 years ago. Based on the field strength of
a typical magnetic star (certainly exceeding any conceivable value
for Earth) and on the observed rate of decay, some creationists
have calculated that the decay process must have begun on Earth on
more than 10,000 years ago. Thus the earths age must be 10,000
years or less. Reply: The problem with this evidence is that Earths
magnetic field does not undergo steady decay but rather follows a
sinusoidal pattern. That is, the field strength decays, builds up,
decays, builds up, etc. The proof for this pattern lies in ancient
geological strata found throughout the world. The rocks reveal that
the earths magnetic field reverses its polarity roughly every half
million years. Each reversal lasts roughly 10,000 years. The earths
magnetic field originates in the core of the earth where the
Iron-Nickel material that makes up the core is semi molten, and
undergoes circulation patterns as heat from decaying radioisotopes
is conducted away from the core. The Iron atoms, being magnetic
align themselves with the earths magnetic field, and volcanic lava
rocks formed during volcanic eruptions show the direction and
strength of the earths magnetic field as it was when these rocks
were cooled from the liquid magma.
- Slide 39
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - IV Sample
Evidence D: The sun burns by gravitational contraction and thus
must be young. Before the discovery of nuclear energy, the only
explanation astronomers could offer for the enormous energy output
of the sun and other stars was gravitational contraction. Given the
diameter and energy output of our sun, we can calculate that its
maximum age would be about 100 million years if it were generating
energy only by this process. When some measurements indicated a
very slight decrease in the suns diameter, a number of young-earth
creationists concluded that the suns energy output must arise only
from the gravitational collapse of the sun, rather than from
nuclear fusion processes at its core. Therefore, they surmised that
the suns age must be less than 100 million years. Reply: Again, the
argument overlooks significant data. First, it has been shown that
if a body of our suns diameter were experiencing gravitational
contraction, the temperature, pressure, and other conditions at its
center would inevitably ignite nuclear fusion. Furthermore, various
measured characteristics of the sun - including its effective
temperature, luminosity, spectra, radius, outflow of neutrinos, and
mass - all guarantee that the sun is burning by nuclear fusion and
that this fusion has been proceeding for about 5 billion years. As
for the observed decrease in the suns diameter, the measurements
cited were later found to be at odds with other visual
measurements.
- Slide 40
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - V Sample
Evidence E: Galaxy clusters are not dispersed widely. For a cluster
of heavenly bodies to remain together (contained), the gravity of
the system must be sufficient to overcome the velocities of the
individual bodies within it. Armed with measurements of the
velocities and masses for all the galaxies in a galaxy cluster,
astronomers can calculate: (a) the dispersal time (time it takes
for all the galaxies to leave the cluster) for clusters with total
mass too small for gravitational containment; or (b) the relaxation
time (time required for galaxies to assume randomized velocities)
for clusters with total mass large enough for containment. Some
creationists point out that when such calculations are applied to
galaxy clusters, the lack of observed galaxy dispersal indicates an
age for the clusters much less than a billion years. Reply: The
problem with this argument is that these calculations for dispersal
and relaxation times assume not only that all the mass within the
galaxy clusters is luminous but also that galaxies approximate
point sources (those with diameters very much smaller than the
average distances between them). On the contrary, sound evidence
exists to conclude that most of the mass is non-luminous (that is,
not shining by its own light production). And galaxies cannot be
treated as point sources. In fact, their diameters are only about
an order of magnitude smaller (that is, about ten times smaller)
than the average distances between them within a given
cluster.
- Slide 41
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - VI By
comparison, however, essentially all of the mass within the star
clusters is visible, and the stars within the clusters are point
sources. The average distances between them are at least seven
orders of magnitude greater (that is, about 10 million times
greater) than their average diameters. When dispersal and
relaxation time calculations are applied to star clusters in our
galaxy, many clusters show their ages to be greater than 2 billion
years.
- Slide 42
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - VII Sample
Evidence F: Granite crystal halos can arise from 218 Po decay only
if the earth is young. Polonium 218 is a radioactive isotope with a
half-life of only three minutes. Yet halos in granite crystals that
appear to arise from the decay of polonium 218 show up in what
seems to be basement or primordial rock deposits. If the halos
arise from primordial polonium, then how did the surrounding rocks
crystallize so rapidly that the crystals were ready to receive halo
impressions from the decay of polonium? The answer according to
young-earth creationist Robert Gentry, among others, is that
geologists are wrong about their understanding of the processes
shaping the earth shortly after its formation. Instead, they say,
God must have imposed the geological structures instantaneously.
Therefore, measurements by geologists do not prove that the earth
is old, nor can they be used to argue against a young earth. Reply:
There is no evidence proof of halos in basement or primordial
rocks, and likewise no evidence that halos arise only from the
decay of polonium 218. Geologist Jeffrey Wakefield actually visited
all of Gentrys sample sites, in every case Gentrys samples came not
from primordial granites as he had claimed, but rather from young
dikes (igneous rock infusions into vertical fissures) that crosscut
older igneous and sedimentary rocks. The decay of Uranium or
Thorium all have 7 or 8 alpha emitters! Since any alpha emitter can
make halos, these other isotopes could be responsible.
- Slide 43
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - VIII
Sample Evidence G: Rapid sedimentation and peat deposition
following the 1980 Mount Saint Helens eruption demonstrated that
all geological processes are not gradual, but rapid. Within a
relatively brief period of time (a few months to a few years)
following the violent eruption of Mt. St. Helens, peat layers (the
first stage in the formation of Coal) and sedimentary rock already
had formed in the vicinity of the volcano. This phenomenon seemed
to young-earth creationists to challenge the notion that geologic
layers are deposited according to gradual uniformitarian processes
taking place over millions and hundreds of millions of years. They
concluded that geological processes provide evidences for a young
earth and not for an old earth. Reply: The problem lies in the
assumption that all geological processes either take place
gradually at relatively uniform (i.e., constant) rates or rapidly
at rates pulsed by major catastrophes. The young-earth versus
old-earth debate is pictured in this context as a battle between
the principles of uniformitarianism and the principles of
catastrophism, with one significant twist. Catastrophism as defined
by geologists refers to the formation of geologic structures
through a variety of catastrophes occurring at different times.
Young-earth creationists define catastrophism as the formation of
all Earths major geologic structures by a single catastrophic
event, namely the Genesis flood, occurring
- Slide 44
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - IX during
a ten-and-a-half-month period five to fifteen thousand years ago.
The use of the Mount Saint Helens exemplifies the either-or fallacy
(that is, it sets up an unfounded dilemma). Geology reflects the
operation of both slow and rapid processes. Some geological
features can only be explained by gradual processes over millions
of years, such as: coral atolls, anthracite coal and certain
conglomerate and metamorphic layers. In the case of coral atolls,
scientists can measure the daily accumulation of band-like deposits
over millions of years. From these deposits they can make many
determinations, including the rate of slowing of the earths
rotation period. Such deposits establish that the earths rotation
period has been slowing down at exactly the same rate over the last
400 million years.
- Slide 45
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - X Sample
Evidence H: Since computer models of the spiral structure of
galaxies show that the spiral collapses after two or three
rotations, spiral galaxies must be much younger than astronomers
claim. Isaac Newtons laws of motion enable us to calculate with
considerable precision the dynamics of large rotating systems of
stars. When Kevin Prendergast made such calculations twenty-five
years ago, he discovered that a large system of stars will
establish a spiral structure only in a few rotations and that after
two or three more rotations the structure will collapse into a
sphere or an ellipsoid. Since we know that galaxies take only a few
hundred million years to rotate, the existence of a significant
number of spiral galaxies in the universe today, according to
certain young-universe creationists, proves they cannot be as old
as the 9 to 15 billion years that astronomers claim. Instead, they
must be less than 2 billion years old. If they are less than 2
billion years old, then astronomers cannot be trusted in their age
calculations, and perhaps the universe is only thousands of years
old. Reply: The argument based upon evidence H overlooks the
continuing research by Prendergast and others. In the years
following his initial computer modeling efforts, Prendergast
discovered that ongoing star formation stabilizes the spiral
structure. Specifically, he demonstrated that as long as new stars
continue to form at a significant
- Slide 46
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - XI rate
within a galaxy, the spiral structure will be maintained. But as
soon as star formation ceases, the spiral structure will collapse
within the next two or three rotations. Prendergasts discovery
beautifully dovetails with astronomers observations of galaxies. In
spherical and ellipsoidal galaxies, astronomers see no evidence of
ongoing star formation, whereas in the spiral galaxies such
evidence is abundant. And, the farther away astronomers look (that
is, the farther back in time they see), the more spiral galaxies
they observe. Since spiral galaxies still exist, the universe
cannot be any older than about 25 billion years. Because only 6% of
the galaxies near our own are spirals, the universe cannot be any
younger than about 12 billion years.
- Slide 47
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - XII Sample
Evidence I: Trails of human footprints alongside, and sometimes
crossing over, trails of dinosaur prints prove that dinosaurs were
contemporary with humans. The observation of a few footprints that
appear to be human prints alongside a great many prints that were
clearly made by dinosaurs has been interpreted by many young-earth
creationists as proof that dinosaurs and men lived together. This
fact would imply that the geological strata in which the prints
were found could not have been deposited tens of millions of years
ago but only in the last few thousand years. Therefore the
dinosaurs and the strata of the earth are not relics from the past
but have existed only for about ten thousand years. Reply: The
first assumption that must be addressed is that prints in close
proximity necessarily establish contemporaneous existence. This
fact is false. The earths strata can be disturbed and redisturbed
by events occurring at different times, especially in a river bed
like that at Glen Rose, Texas, where most of the human footprints
have been found. But this faulty assumption is not the main defect
of the argument from evidence I. The more serious problem lies in
the identification of the prints as human. There are reasons to
believe that these human prints were made by dinosaurs, their size,
shape, features, etc. All indicate that these tracks were made by
small dinosaurs, not humans.
- Slide 48
- Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young Universe? - XIII
Sample Evidence J: Since a comets average lifespan is only a couple
of thousand years, given the rather limited supply of comets, their
present existence proves the solar system cannot be any older than
a few thousand years. Comets orbiting the solar system, such as
Halleys comet, are reported to disintegrate in about two thousand
years on the average. Every time a comet swings close by the sun,
the heat and light of the sun boil away a significant portion of
the comets mass. After a few dozen revolutions, none of the comet
remains. Since comets are observed orbiting the sun, the solar
system must be only a few thousand years old. Reply: Estimates
cited in evidence J for the average lifespan of a comets date back
to the 1970s. At that time no space-based measurements of comets
were available, and what data did exist was weighted heavily by
easy-to-see comets. The easiest comets to see are those that pass
closest to the sun, and these comets suffer the most rapid
disintegration. Hence, estimates previous to 1980 of the average
lifespans for comets have since proven to be far too low. In 1986
five space craft visited Halleys comet and made the first accurate
measurements of both its mass and its rate of disintegration.
Astronomers determined that Halleys comet is massive enough to
survive at least another 500 revolutions around the sun. With
observations of Halleys comet going back to 240 BC, and knowing
that it passes the sun every seventy-six years, we can
calculate
- Slide 49
- the approximate minimum lifespan for this comet at 40,000+
years. Halleys comet is unusual in that it has such a short period
of revolution. Much more typical are comets such as Kohoutek, which
comes around the sun every 80,000 years, or Pons-Brooks and
Griggs-Mellish, every 3,000,000 years. Five hundred revolutions for
these comets would yield lifespans of 40 million and 1.5 billion
years respectively. Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - IVX
- Slide 50
- A Just Right Universe Evidence for the Fine Tuning of the
Universe 1.Strong Nuclear force constant if larger: no hydrogen;
nuclei essential for life would be unstable if smaller: no elements
other than hydrogen 2.Weak Nuclear force constant if larger: too
much hydrogen converted to helium in big bang, hence too much heavy
element material made by star burning; no expulsion of heavy
elements from stars if smaller: too little helium produced from big
bang, hence too little heavy element material made by star burning;
no expulsion of heavy elements from stars 3.Gravitational force
constant if larger: stars would be too hot and would burn up too
quickly and too unevenly if smaller: stars would remain so cool
that nuclear fusion would never ignite, hence no heavy element
production
- Slide 51
- 4.Electromagnetic force constant if larger: insufficient
chemical bonding; elements more massive than boron would be too
unstable for fission If smaller: insufficient chemical bonding;
inadequate quantities of either carbon or oxygen 5.Ratio of
electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force constant if
larger: no stars less than 1.4 solar masses, hence short stellar
life spans and uneven stellar luminosities if smaller: no stars
more than 0.8 solar masses, hence no heavy element production
6.Ratio of electron to proton mass if larger: insufficient chemical
bonding if smaller: insufficient chemical bonding 7.Ratio of
numbers of protons to electrons if larger: electromagnetism would
dominate gravity, preventing galaxy, star, and planet formation if
smaller: electromagnetism would dominate gravity, preventing
galaxy, star, and planet formation
- Slide 52
- 8. Expansion rate of the Universe if larger: no galaxy
formation if smaller: universe would collapse prior to star
formation 9.Entropy level of the Universe if smaller: no
proto-galaxy formation if larger: no star condensation within the
proto-galaxies 10. Baryon or nucleon density of the Universe if
larger: too much deuterium from big bang, hence stars burn too
rapidly if smaller: insufficient helium from big bang, hence too
few heavy elements forming 11. Velocity of light if faster: stars
would be too luminous if slower: stars would not be luminous enough
12. Age of the Universe if older: no solar-type stars in a stable
burning phase in the right part of the galaxy if younger:
solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would not yet have
formed
- Slide 53
- 13. Initial uniformity of radiation if smoother: stars, star
clusters, and galaxies would not have formed if coarser: universe
by now would be mostly black holes and empty space 14. Fine
structure constant (a number used to describe the fine structure
splitting of spectral lines) if larger: DNA would be unable to
function; no stars more than 0.7 solar masses if larger than 0.06:
matter would be unstable in large magnetic fields if smaller: DNA
would be unable to function; no stars less than 1.8 solar masses
15. Average distance between galaxies if larger: insufficient gas
would be infused into our galaxy to sustain star formation over an
adequate time span if smaller: the suns orbit would be too
radically disturbed 16. Average distance between stars if larger:
heavy element density too thin for rocky planets to form if
smaller: planetary orbits would become destabilized 17. Decay rate
of the proton if greater: life would be exterminated by the release
of radiation if smaller: insufficient matter in the universe for
life
- Slide 54
- 18. 12 Carbon ( 12 C) to 16 Oxygen ( 16 O) energy level ratio
if larger: insufficient oxygen if smaller: insufficient carbon 19.
Ground state energy level for 4 Helium ( 4 He) if larger:
insufficient carbon and oxygen if smaller: insufficient carbon and
oxygen 20. Decay rate of 8 Beryllium ( 8 Be)[ 7 x 10 -17 sec] if
slower: heavy element fusion would generate catastrophic explosions
in all the stars if faster: no element production beyond beryllium
and, hence, no life chemistry possible 21. Mass excess of the
neutron over the proton [ n=1.67493 x 10 -27 kg, p=1.67262 x 10 -27
kg or n/p=1.00138] if greater: neutron decay would leave too few
neutrons to form the heavy elements essential for life if smaller:
neutron decay would produce so many neutrons as to cause all stars
to collapse rapidly into neutron stars or black holes 22. Initial
excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons if greater: too much
radiation for planets to form if smaller: not enough matter for
galaxies or stars to form
- Slide 55
- 23. Polarity of the water molecule if greater: heat of fusion
and vaporization would be too great for life to exist if smaller:
heat of fusion and vaporization would be too small for lifes
existence; liquid water would become too inferior a solvent for
life chemistry to proceed; ice would not float, leading to a
runaway freeze-up 24. Supernovae eruptions if too close: radiation
would exterminate life on the planet if too far: not enough heavy
element ashes for the formation of rocky planets if too frequent:
life on planet would be exterminated if too infrequent: not enough
heavy element ashes for the formation of rocky planets if too late:
life on the planet would be exterminated by radiation if too soon:
not enough heavy element ashes for the formation of rocky planets
25. White dwarf binaries if too few: insufficient fluorine produced
for life chemistry to proceed if too many: disruption of planetary
orbits from stellar density; life on the planet would be
exterminated if too soon: not enough heavy elements made for
efficient fluorine production if too late: fluorine made too late
for incorporation in proto-planet
- Slide 56
- 26. Ratio of exotic to ordinary matter if smaller: galaxies
would not form if larger: universe would collapse before solar type
stars could form 27. Galaxy clusters if too dense: galaxy
collisions and mergers would disrupt star and planet orbits; too
much radiation if too sparse: insufficient infusion of gas into
galaxies to sustain star formation for a long enough time period
28. Number of effective dimensions in the early universe if
smaller: quantum mechanics, gravity, and relativity could not
coexist and life would be impossible if larger: quantum mechanics,
gravity, and relativity could not coexist and life would be
impossible 29. Number of effective dimensions in the present
universe if smaller: electron, planet, and star orbits would become
unstable if larger: electron, planet, and star orbits would become
unstable 30. Mass of the neutrino if smaller: galaxy clusters,
galaxies, and stars would not form if larger: galaxy clusters and
galaxies would be too dense
- Slide 57
- 31. Big bang ripples if smaller: galaxies would not form;
universe expands too rapidly if larger: galaxy clusters and
galaxies would be too dense; black holes would dominate; universe
collapses too quickly 32. Total mass density if smaller: universe
would expand too quickly for solar type stars to form if larger:
universe would expand too slowly, resulting in unstable orbits and
too much radiation 33. Space energy density if smaller: universe
would expand too slowly, resulting in unstable orbits and too much
radiation if larger: universe would expand too quickly for solar
type stars to form 34. Size of the relativistic dilation factor if
smaller: certain life-essential chemical reactions would not
function properly if larger: certain life-essential chemical
reactions would not function properly
- Slide 58
- 35. Uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle if smaller: oxygen transport to body cells would be too
small; certain life-essential elements would be unstable; certain
life-essential chemical reactions would not function properly if
larger: certain life-essential elements would be unstable; certain
life-essential chemical reactions would not function properly
- Slide 59
- Psalm 33:6 By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and
by the breath of his mouth all their host. Jer 10:12 It is He who
made the earth by His power, Who established the world by His
power; And by His understanding He has stretched out the heavens.
Is 48:13 Surely My hand founded the earth, And My right hand spread
out the heavens; When I call to them, they stand together
Scriptures of Gods Creation - I
- Slide 60
- Scriptures of Gods Creation - II Is 45:18 For thus says the
Lord, who created the heavens (He is the God who formed the earth
and made it, He established it and did not create it a waste place,
but formed it to be inhabited), I am the Lord, and there is none
else. Jer 33:25 Thus says the Lord, If My covenant for day and
night stand not, and the fixed patterns of heaven and earth I have
not established, Is 40:22 It is He who sits above the vault of the
earth, And its inhabitants are like grasshoppers, Who stretches out
the heavens like a curtain And spreads them out like a tent to
dwell in.
- Slide 61
- Is 40:26 - 28 Lift up your eyes on high And see who has created
these stars, The one who leads forth their host by number, He calls
them all by name; Because of the greatness of His might and the
strength of His power Not one of them is missing. Why do you say, O
Jacob, and assert, O Israel, My way is hidden from the Lord, And
the justice due me escapes the notice of my God Do you not know?
Have you not heard? The Everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of
the ends of the earth Does not become weary or tired. His
understanding is inscrutable. Scriptures of Gods Creation -
III
- Slide 62
- Protons, Neutrons, electrons and Others Protons are the
building blocks of matter, and are very long lived! Neutrons are
the combination of a proton and an electron, the Light negatively
charged particle that is around the atom. The following are Nuclear
reactions for the decay of a proton, and Neutrons in atoms with an
excess of either particle. N P + + - + Energy Beta decay P + + e -
N + Energy Electron capture P + N + + + Energy Positron decay A
positron is an example of Exotic matter, or anti-matter, and it is
in a positive matter Universe!
- Slide 63
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) A new and Important Tool in
Imaging Research In the technique of positron Tomography, a
positron emitting isotope Is included into a molecule that is
incorporated into a chemical reaction. The positron emitted during
the decay of the isotope will analite with an Electron and emit two
511 kev gamma rays that can then be detected, and the location of
the decaying isotope isolated accurately. + + e - Energy Two Gamma
rays at 180 o e - + + 511 kev Common Positron emitting Isotopes: 15
O, T 1/2 = 122s ; 18 F, T 1/2 = 1.83 hr 11 C, T 1/2 = 20.3 min, 13
N, T 1/2 = 9.97 min, ETC The two gamma rays come away at 180
o.
- Slide 64
- Positron Emitting Isotopes 15 O 15 N + + + Energy 18 F 18 O + +
+ Energy 11 C 11 B + + + Energy 13 N 13 C + + + Energy These
radioisotopes can be incorporated into glucose molecules and
injected into the blood stream leading to the brain, where the
glucose will be metabolized in the cells. The position of the
glucose tells us where the glucose molecules was! In this way, We
can obtain images of the Human Brain while it is functioning.
Glucose = C 6 H 12 O 6
- Slide 65
- Positron Emission Tomograph The Tomograph is an instrument that
is a ring of gamma ray detectors that react very fast to gamma
rays, and by measuring the time each detector receives the signal
one can locate the point of origin of the gamma ray to a precision
of + 1 cm in a human being or any other physical object, with out
any in vivo investigation. The detectors must have a capability of
measuring up to + 250 ps per pulse. _ _
- Slide 66
- Earth: The Place for Life Evidence for the Fine-Tuning of the
Galaxy-Sun-Earth-Moon System for Life Support (4) 1.Galaxy cluster
type if too rich: galaxy collisions and mergers would disrupt solar
orbit if too sparse: insufficient infusion of gas to sustain star
formation for a long enough time 2.Galaxy size if too large:
infusion of gas and stars would disturb suns orbit and ignite too
many galactic eruptions if too small: insufficient infusion of gas
to sustain star formation for a long enough time 3.Galaxy Type if
too elliptical: star formation would cease before sufficient heavy
element build-up for life chemistry if too irregular: radiation
exposure on occasion would be too severe and heavy elements for
life chemistry would not be available 4.Galaxy location if too
close to a rich galaxy cluster: galaxy would be gravitationally
disrupted if too close to very large galaxy(ies): galaxy would be
gravitationally disrupted
- Slide 67
- 5. Supernovae Eruptions if too close: life on the planet would
be exterminated by radiation if too far: not enough heavy element
ashes would exist for the formation of rocky planets if too
infrequent: not enough heavy element ashes present for the
formation of rocky planets if too frequent: life on the planet
would be exterminated if too soon: not enough heavy element ashes
would exist for the formation of rocky planets if too late: life on
the planet would be exterminated by radiation 6.White dwarf
binaries if too few: insufficient fluorine would be produced for
life chemistry to proceed if too many: planetary orbits disrupted
by stellar density; life on planet would be exterminated if too
soon: not enough heavy elements would be made for efficient
fluorine production if too late: fluorine would be made too late
for incorporation in protoplanet 7.Proximity of solar nebula to a
supernova eruption if farther: insufficient heavy elements for life
would be absorbed if closer: nebula would be blown apart
- Slide 68
- 8.Timing of solar nebula formation relative to supernova
eruption if earlier: nebula would be blown apart if later: nebula
would not absorb enough heavy elements 9.Parent star distance from
center of galaxy if farther: quantity of heavy elements would be
insufficient to make rocky planets if closer: galactic radiation
would be too great; stellar density would disturb planetary orbits
10. Parent star distance from closest spiral arm if too large:
exposure to harmful radiation from galactic core would be too great
11. Z-axis heights of stars orbit if more than one: tidal
interactions would disrupt planetary orbit of life support planet
if less than one: heat produced would be insufficient for life 12.
Number of stars in the planetary system if more than one: tidal
interactions would disrupt planetary orbit of life support planet
if less than one: heat produced would be insufficient for life
- Slide 69
- 13. Parent star birth date if more recent: star would not yet
have reached stable burning phase; stellar system would contain too
many heavy elements if less recent: stellar system would not
contain enough heavy elements 14. Parent star age if older:
luminosity of star would change too quickly if younger: luminosity
of star would change too quickly 15. Parent star mass if greater:
luminosity of star would change too quickly; star would burn too
rapidly if less: range of planet distances for life would be too
narrow; tidal forces would disrupt the life planets rotational
period; UV radiation would be inadequate for plants to make sugars
and oxygen 16. Parent star metallicity if too small: insufficient
heavy elements for life chemistry would exist if too large:
radioactivity would be too intense for life; life would be poisoned
by heavy element concentrations 17. Parent star color if redder:
photosynthetic response would be insufficient if bluer:
photosynthetic response would be insufficient
- Slide 70
- Figure 12.3: Classification of electromagnetic radiation
- Slide 71
- 18. H 3 + production if too small: simple molecules essential
to plant formation and life chemistry would not form if too large:
planets would form at wrong time and place for life 19. Parent star
luminosity relative to speciation if increases too soon: runaway
greenhouse effect would develop if increases too late: runaway
glaciation would develop 20. Planets surface gravity (escape
velocity) if stronger: planets atmosphere would retain too much
ammonia and methane if weaker: planets atmosphere would lose too
much water 21. Planets distance from parent star if farther: planet
would be too cool for a stable water cycle if closer: planet would
be too warm for a stable water cycle 22. Planets inclination of
orbit if too great: temperature differences on planet would be too
extreme 23. Planets orbital eccentricity if too great: seasonal
temperature differences would be too extreme
- Slide 72
- 24. Planets axial Tilt if greater: surface temperature
differences would be too great if less: surface temperature
differences would be too great 25. Planets rate of change of axial
tilt if greater: climatic changes would be too extreme; surface
temperature differences would become too extreme 26. Planets
rotation period if longer: diurnal temperature differences would be
too great if shorter: atmospheric wind velocities would be too
great 27. Planets rate of change in rotation period if longer:
surface temperature range necessary for life would not be sustained
if shorter: surface temperature range necessary for life would not
be sustained 28. Planet age if too young: planet would rotate too
rapidly if too old: planet would rotate too slowly 29. Planets
magnetic field if stronger: electromagnetic storms would be too
severe if weaker: ozone shield would be inadequately protected from
hard stellar and solar radiation
- Slide 73
- 30. Planets thickness of crust if thicker: too much oxygen
would be transferred from the atmosphere to the crust if thinner:
volcanic and tectonic activity would be too great 31. Planets
albedo (ratio of reflected light to total amount falling on
surface) if greater: runaway glaciation would develop if less:
runaway greenhouse effect would develop 32. Planets asteroidal and
cometary collision rate if greater: too many species would become
extinct if less: crust would be too depleted of materials essential
for life 33. Mass of body colliding with primordial Earth if
smaller: Earths atmosphere would be too thick; moon would be too
small if greater: Earths orbit and form would be too greatly
disturbed 34. Timing of body colliding with primordial Earth if
earlier: Earths atmosphere would be too thick; moon would be too
small if later: sun would be too luminous at epoch for advanced
life
- Slide 74
- Continental Flood Basalts and Extinction Events Flood Basalts
(M yr ) Extinctions (M yr ) Columbia River 16 + Columbia River 16 +
1 Lower/Middle Miocene 14 + 3 Ethiopian 36.9 + 0.9 Late Eocene * 36
+ 1 North Atlantic 59.5 + 1 Paleocene/Eocene *? 57.8 + 1 Deccan
65.5 + 2.5 Cretaceous/Tert. * 65 + 1 Madagascar 86.6 + 2
Cenomanian/Turon. *? 92 + 1 Rajmahal 117 + 1 Aptian/Albian 113 + 4
Serra Geral 133 + 1 Jurassic/Cretaceous *? 137 + 7 Antarctic 176 +
1 Bajocian/Bathonian *? 173 + 3 Karoo 190 + 2 Pliensbachian 193 + 3
Newark 201 + 1 Triassic/Jurassic * 203 + 2 Wrangellia ~225
Ladinian/Carnian ~225 Siberian 248 + 4 Permian/Triassic *? 251 + 4
* Impact evidence *? Possible impact evidence
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- 35. Collision location of body colliding with primordial Earth
if too close to grazing: insufficient debris to form large moon;
inadequate annihilation of Earths primordial atmosphere; inadequate
transfer of heavy elements to Earth if too close to dead center:
damage from collision would be too destructive for future life to
exist 36. Oxygen to nitrogen ratio in atmosphere if larger:
advanced life functions would proceed too quickly if smaller:
advanced life functions would proceed too slowly 37. Carbon dioxide
level in atmosphere if greater: runaway greenhouse effect would
develop if less: plants would be unable to maintain efficient
photosynthesis 38. Water vapor level in Atmosphere if greater:
runaway greenhouse effect would develop if less: rainfall would be
too meager for advanced life on the land 39. Atmospheric electric
discharge rate if greater: too much fire destruction would occur if
less: too little nitrogen would be fixed in the atmosphere
- Slide 77
- The Greenhouse effect
- Slide 78
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Slide 79
- Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere at Mauna Loa
Observatory, Hawaii Year CO 2 Conc. Year CO 2 Conc. Year CO 2 Conc.
1971 324.62 1983 342.89 1995 360.62 1972 325.43 1984 343.99 1996
362.36 1973 326.49 1985 345.53 1997 363.47 1974 329.30 1986 346.73
1998 366.49 1975 330.85 1987 349.08 1999 368.13 1976 331.78 1988
351.43 2000 369.13 1977 333.68 1989 352.89 2001 371.08 1978 335.28
1990 354.12 2002 373.16 1979 336.38 1991 355.45 2003 375.79 1980
338.05 1992 356.20 2004 1981 339.69 1993 356.92 2005 1982 341.20
1994 358.64 2006
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Carbon Dioxide record at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii
1971-2003
- Slide 82
- 40. Ozone level in atmosphere if greater: surface temperatures
would be too low if less: surface temperatures would be too high;
there would be too much uv radiation at the surface 41. Oxygen
quantity in atmosphere if greater: plants and hydrocarbons would
burn up too easily if less: advanced animals would have too little
to breathe 42. Seismic activity if greater: too many life-forms
would be destroyed if less: nutrients on ocean floors from river
runoff would not be recycled to continents through tectonics; not
enough carbon dioxide would be released from carbonates 43.
Volcanic activity if lower: insufficient amounts of carbon dioxide
and water vapor would be returned to the atmosphere; soil
mineralization would become too degraded for life if higher:
advanced life, at least, would be destroyed 44. Rate of decline in
tectonic activity if slower: advanced life could never survive on
the planet if faster: advanced life could never survive on the
planet
- Slide 83
- The absorption spectra for Ozone and Molecular Oxygen. The
region that is absorbed by molecular Oxygen and Ozone are referred
to as the UV A (100-240 nm) and the UV B (240-360 nm) region of the
electromagnetic Spectrum and are referred to as ionizing radiation.
UV A UV B
- Slide 84
- Plot of wavelength verses intensity of in coming solar
radiation. UV A and UV B are known as ionizing radiation and will
destroy molecules! UV A UV B Visible
- Slide 85
- Stratospheric Chemical reactions leading to Ozone Depletion - I
Normal Ozone production in the stratosphere and its absorption of
Ultra violet. Ozone is made when Ultra Violet Light (UV A ) is
absorbed by molecular oxygen to create two oxygen atoms. If these
oxygen atoms collide with molecular oxygen they react to form
Ozone. The Ozone formed will absorb Ultra Violet light in the UV B
wavelengths, thus absorbing most of the short wavelength UV light,
which is also called ionizing radiation, and will destroy
biological molecules. O 2 2 O h = 170-190 nm (UV A ) O + O 2 O 3 O
3 O 2 + O = h = 200-300 nm (UV B ) h h
- Slide 86
- Stratospheric Chemical reactions leading to Ozone Depletion -
II In 1971 Dr. Harold Johnson A professor at the University of
California at Berkeley, calculated that the Nitrogen oxides
produced by the Jet engines of the then proposed Super Sonic
Transports (SSTs) would destroy much of the Ozone layer that
protects us on the Earths surface from Ultra Violet light (both UV
A ad UV B ). The reactions he proposed are: N 2 + O 2 2 NO =This
symbol indicated heat energy NO + O 3 NO 2 + O 2 This reaction is
very fast! Adding these last two reactions NO 2 + O NO + O 2
together and canceling out similar reactants gives the catalytic
reaction! O 3 + O 2 O 2 This reaction shows Ozone destruction! The
results of this research stopped the US from making an SST!
- Slide 87
- Chlorofluorocarbons (Freons) Freon-11 CF 2 Cl 2 : Freon-12 CFCl
3 Stratospheric Reaction Chemistry: CF 2 Cl 2 CF 2 Cl + Cl Cl + O 3
O 2 + ClO ClO + O O 2 + Cl O 3 + O 2 O 2 Catalytic Ozone
destruction. h...
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
- Ozone Levels over Antarctica, The Antarctic Ozone Hole
- Slide 90
- The Ozone Hole over Antarctica Ozone and ClO
- Slide 91
- Slide 92
- 45. Rate of decline in volcanic activity if slower: advanced
life could never survive on the planet if faster: advanced life
could never survive on the planet 46. Oceans-to-continents ratio if
greater: diversity and complexity of life-forms would be limited if
smaller: diversity and complexity of life-forms would be limited
47. Rate of change in oceans-to-continents ratio if smaller:
advanced life would lack the needed land mass area if greater:
advanced life would be destroyed by radical changes 48. Global
distribution of continents (for Earth) if too much in the southern
hemisphere: seasonal differences would be too severe for advanced
life 49. Frequency and extent of ice ages if smaller: insufficient
fertile, wide, and well-watered valleys produced for diverse and
advanced life forms; insufficient mineral concentrations occur for
diverse and advanced life if greater: planet inevitably experiences
runaway freezing
- Slide 93
- Volcanic Activity - I Volcanoes Usually produce large
quantities of Sulfur Dioxide. This SO 2 reacts to form acids which
cause acid rain, which can cause rocks to weather (break down),
these acids also have deleterious effects on vegetation. SO 2(g) +
H 2 O (L) H 2 SO 3(aq) Sulfurous acid (A weak acid) 2 SO 2(g) + O
2(g) 2 SO 3(g) SO 3(g) + H 2 O (L) H 2 SO 4(aq) Sulfuric acid (A
strong acid) Volcanoes also produce ash, along with the sulfuric
acid, will form aerosols (particles) in the atmosphere that will
reflect sunlight back into space, cooling the atmosphere.
- Slide 94
- The chemistry of volcanoes is such that many volcanoes also
release Hydrochloric acid (HCl) or Hydrofluoric acid (HF) in large
concentrations. For example the Hawaiian Volcanoes such as Kilauea,
can release tons of HCl per hour during major eruptions. These
acids have a huge impact on the dissolution of rocks and the
releasing of many metals essential for life into the environment.
Hot spot volcanic activity is a unique type that has had a great
Impact on life forms on Earth, and has been going on for millions
of years. Chains of Islands such as the Hawaiian Islands are formed
by Hot spot volcanism. These volcanoes also produce a unique
chemical signature, as they contain elements found in the core of
the earth such as Iridium, Platinum, Osmium and Rhenium, Very rare
on the surface of the earth. Volcanic Activity - II
- Slide 95
- 50. Soil mineralization if too nutrient poor: diversity and
complexity of life-forms would be limited if too nutrient rich:
diversity and complexity of life-forms would be limited 51.
Gravitational interaction with a moon if greater: tidal effects on
the oceans, atmosphere, and rotational period would be too severe
if less: orbital obliquity changes would cause climatic
instabilities; movement of nutrients and life from the oceans to
the continents and vice versa would be insufficient; magnetic field
would be too weak 52. Jupiter distance if greater: too many
asteroid and comet collisions would occur on Earth if less: Earths
orbit would become unstable 53. Jupiter mass if greater: Earths
orbit would become unstable if less: too many asteroid and comet
collisions would occur on Earth 54. Drift in major planet distances
if greater: Earths orbit would become unstable if less: too many
asteroid and comet collisions would occur on Earth
- Slide 96
- 55. Major planet eccentricities if greater: orbit of life
supportable planet would be pulled out of life support zone 56.
Major planet orbital instabilities if greater: orbit of life
supportable planet would be pulled out of life support zone 57.
Atmospheric pressure if too small: liquid water would evaporate too
easily and condense too infrequently if too large: liquid water
would not evaporate easily enough for land life; insufficient
sunlight would reach planetary surface; insufficient UV radiation
would reach planetary surface 58: Atmospheric transparency if
smaller: insufficient range of wavelengths of solar radiation would
reach planetary surface if greater: too broad a range of
wavelengths of solar radiation would reach planetary surface
- Slide 97
- Plot of wavelength verses intensity of in coming solar
radiation. UV A and UV B are known as ionizing radiation and will
destroy molecules! UV A UV B Visible
- Slide 98
- 59. Chlorine quantity in atmosphere if smaller: erosion rates,
acidity of rivers, lakes, and soils, and certain metabolic rates
would be insufficient for most life forms if larger: erosion rates,
acidity of rivers, lakes, and soils, and certain metabolic rates
would be too high for most life forms 60. Iron quantity in oceans
and soils if smaller: quantity and diversity of life would be too
limited for support of advanced life; if very small, no life would
be possible if larger: iron poisoning of at least advanced life
would result 61. Tropospheric ozone quantity if smaller:
insufficient cleaning of biochemical smogs would result if larger:
respiratory failure of advanced animals, reduced crop yields, and
destruction of ozone-sensitive species would result 62.
Stratospheric ozone quantity if smaller: too much UV radiation
would reach planets surface causing skin cancers and reduced plant
growth if larger: too little uv radiation would reach planets
surface causing reduced plant growth
- Slide 99
- 63. Mesospheric ozone quantity if smaller: circulation and
chemistry of mesospheric gases so disturbed as to upset relative
abundances of life essential gases in lower atmosphere if greater:
circulation and chemistry of mesospheric gases so disturbed as to
upset relative abundances of life essential gases in lower
atmosphere 64. Quantity and extent of forest and grass fires if
smaller: growth inhibitors in the soils would accumulate; soil
nitrification would be insufficient; insufficient charcoal
production for adequate soil water retention and absorption of
certain growth inhibitors if greater: too many plant and animal
life forms would be destroyed 65. Quantity of soil sulfur if
smaller: plants would become deficient in certain proteins and die
if larger: plants would die from sulfur toxins; acidity of water
and soil would become too great for life; nitrogen cycle would be
disturbed 66. Biomass to comet infall ratio if smaller: greenhouse
gases accumulate, triggering runaway surface temperature increase
if larger: greenhouse gases decline, triggering a runaway
freezing
- Slide 100
- Expected Population Growth in Adams Lifetime! According to
Genesis 5, life spans from Adam to Noah averaged 912 years. The
population table is based upon the following assumptions: Life span
= 900 years, first child comes at age forty, childbearing years =
600 yrs, one child every four years during child bearing years.
Archeological evidence from the pre-flood era provides no
indication that the pre-flood population ever became this large.
Infant mortality and disease could be the reasons that the
population stayed small.
- Slide 101
- Adams Reproducing Children Total Age Couples Born Population 0
1 0 2 40 1 10 12 80 6 30 42 120 21 100 142 160 71 352 494 200 247
1,210 1,704 240 852 4,180 5,884 280 2,942 14,450 20,334 320 10,167
49,892 70,226 360 35,113 172,358 242,584 400 121,292 595,378
837,962 440 418,980 2,056,530 2,894,492 480 1,447,245 7,103,862
9,998,364 520 4,999,176 24,538,536 34,536,930 560 17,268,444
84,762,338 119,299,368 600 59,649,613 292,790,780 412,090,500 640
206,045,003 1,011,374,120 1,423,465,830 680 711,732,063
3,493,544,650 4,917,014,660 720 2,459,504,388 12,067,585,000
16,984,600,000 760 8,492,300,000 41,685,303,000 58,669,903,000
- Slide 102
- The Flood Global or Regional If the Flood covered the entire
earth to a depth of the highest mountains, Mt. Everest (5.5 miles),
the volume of water would be approximately 1.1 x 10 9 mi 3 this is
about 3 times the volume of the worlds oceans. Or approximately 730
ft of rain water per day (6.0 inches of rain per minute) would have
had to fall for the 40 days and 40 nights as indicated in Genesis
7! The places Named in Genesis 1-9 are only around Mesopotamia so
could it have been a regional flood? The failure of Man kind to
spread though out the entire world as God directed man Kind to do
in Genesis 1:28 Be fruitful and Multiply, and fill the earth
brought certain changes. In Genesis 9:7 God repeats the command to
multiply and fill the earth. In Genesis 1-9 the text mentions
place-names only in Mesopotamia. Beginning in Genesis 10, we
encounter names beyond Mesopotamia, indicating that Man kind was
finally beginning to spread out over the earth.
- Slide 103
- The Flood - I 1)Biblical phrases such as under the entire
heavens and the face of the earth must be interpreted in the
writers (and most readers) context, as true where these terms are
used elsewhere in Scripture. 2) The extent and spread of human
population and, thus, of sins impact was limited, not global. In
fact, God rebuked the human race for its failure to spread out over
the globe. 3) Genesis mentions no geographical place-names beyond
Greater Mesopotamia until chapter ten. 4) Earths water quantity
supports a regional rather than global Flood. The floodwaters came
from Earths underground and atmospheric resources, which are
plentiful but inadequate to cover the globe.
- Slide 104
- The Flood - II 5) Mountain ranges and ocean basins cannot erode
in forty days nor build up in eleven months, as would be required
by one explanation of a global Flood, without leaving evidence
easily visible today. 6) Not even an ark of steel armor plate could
survive the rigors of a Flood gone global in forty days nor of the
devastating effects of tens of thousands of feet of erosion in
forty days and similar uplift within a years time. 7) The creatures
earmarked for rescue included only Noah, Noahs family, and birds
and mammals that had significant contact with humanity.
- Slide 105
- 8) Genesis 7 does not claim that water stood above the highest
mountains; rather, it says that an enormous deluge fell upon or ran
over or covered the highest hills visible to Noah. 9) Genesis 8:4
records that the ark landed in the mountains (or hills) of Ararat,
not specifically on top of Mount Ararat itself. The designated area
encompasses more than one hundred thousand square miles. 10) Olive
leaves do not grow at high altitudes, nor could they survive a
global Flood. 11) The water of a global Flood could not recede in
less than a year. The Flood - III
- Slide 106
- The Flood - IV 12) A strong wind (Genesis 8:1) would be useful
for dissipating a regional but not a global Flood. 13) Earth cannot
possibly support at one time the half-billion or more species of
life the fossil record documents, which would be required according
to the global flood theory. 14) A recent global Flood cannot
account for Earths enormous deposits of kerogen, topsoil,
limestone, marble, and fossil fuels. 15) Petroleum products were
available before the Flood for Noahs use in sealing the ark
(Genesis 6:14).
- Slide 107
- The Flood - V 16) The million-plus animal species on Earth
today could not have evolved in just a few thousand years from the
thirty thousand species-maximum- the ark could have carried. 17) No
viable scientific evidence has ever been found for a recent, global
Flood.
- Slide 108
- The Church and Science For many years there has been a growing
split between Science, and Scientists and the Church, which for
many years was the catholic church. It probably started with the
Greek Philosopher Aristotle, who believed that every thing revolved
around the earth. During this early time, science was the Church,
and all scientists were part of the Church, and supported by the
Church. When the astronomer Copernicus brought forth the idea that
the earth revolved around the sun, and the earth was not the center
of the Universe, there was a break between the Church and Modern
science. I believe the split has its roots in this time period.
With the advent of Modern science, we now have the Big Bang, or
beginning of everything, and the expanding Universe. Beginning in
1966, George Ellis, Stephen Hawkings, and Rodger Penrose affirmed
that any expanding universe governed by general relativity and
which also contains at least some matter and energy must possess a
singular origin in the finite past.
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Reactions of Magnesium Metal Magnesium metal burning in Air! 2
Mg (s) + O 2(g) 2 MgO (s) + Energy Magnesium metal Burning with
Carbon dioxide! Mg (s) + CO 2(g) MgO (s) + CO (g) + Energy
Magnesium Metal Burning with Dry Ice! (Solid Carbon Dioxide) 3 Mg
(s) + CO 2(s) 2 MgO (s) + MgC (s) + Energy
- Slide 111
- Biological Life Extinction & Speciation According to the
fossil record, at least a half-billion to a Billion new species of
life arose between the Cambrian Explosion (about 543 million years
ago) and the arrival of human beings (about 30,000 to 50,000 years
ago). This averages about one or two or more new species per year.
Since the coming of humans, however, the rate of new species
discovery has dropped to virtual zero! According to Biologists Paul
and Ann Ehrlich, The production of a new animal species in nature
has yet to be documented. In other words, God rested form his
creating on the seventh day, which we are still in! The extinction
rate has remained constant at about one species per year during
normal conditions, and more during years of environmental
stress.
- Slide 112
- Figure 4.1: A space-filling model of the water molecule.
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Slide 116
- The Hexagonal Structure of Ice Ice Structure with open holes
giving Ice a density less than water its self. The delicate 6 point
snow flake reflects the hexagonal structure.
- Slide 117
- Slide 118
- 3 Important Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 1) A pentose
sugarIn RNA the sugar is ribose, and in DNA it is deoxyribose, in
which one hydroxy group has been replaced by a hydrogen. 2) A
nitrogen containing organic base: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
Uracil 3) A phosphate linkage derived from phosphoric acid
- Slide 119
- Pentoses DNA RNA
- Slide 120
- Bases found in DNA and RNA
- Slide 121
- Adenosine reaction
- Slide 122
- Figure 22.37: Nucleic acid chain
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Figure 22.38: DNA double helix
- Slide 125
- Slide 126
- The Spontaneous Formation of Life During the 1970s there was a
very intense effort in the Chemical Sciences to show that life
could be formed spontaneously from Chemicals assumed to be present
on the primitive earth. Ammonia, methane, and water vapor were
placed into containers along with different other things and
sparked to simulate lighting, and then look for primitive amino
acids the building blocks of life. NH 3 + CH 4 + H 2 O + Energy
Amino acids [ H 2 NCH 2 COOH, Glycine] Only simple amino acids were
formed, and a few simple combinations of amino acids were formed
after many years and hundreds of millions of research funds had
been expended!
- Slide 127
- Odds of Making DNA What are the odds of making just one strand
of DNA out of Random nucleotide combinations? This demonstration
was made by Michael Heart in 1982 to show how improbable life
formation was, even given the building blocks necessary to form
DNA. 400 positions where any one of four nucleotide residues will
do, and at each of 100 other positions where either of two
nucleotide residues would be effective, leaving only 100 positions
where the exactly correct nucleotide residue must be present. (This
is a very optimistic set of circumstances!) For this to occur, the
odds are 1:10 90, in 10 billion years, the chance of forming such a
strand spontaneously would be 10 -90 times 10 60, or 10 -30 for
each of 100 different specific genes to be formed spontaneously (in
10 billion years) the probability is (10 -30 ) 100 = 10 -3000 for
them to be in close proximity it is worse!!
- Slide 128
- The Complexity of Biological life The complexity of DNA and
Biological molecules precludes that they could have been put
together by chance! DNA and genes are so compact that all of the
DNA and genes in a persons body would fit into a cube the size of
an ice cube! If all of the DNA in a persons body were unraveled,
and joined end to end, the strand would reach from the earth to the
Sun and back more than 400 times! The DNA in a single cell is
estimated to contain instructions, that if written out would fill a
thousand 600 page books. Another book stated that all of the
information stored in all of the books of the library of Congress
could be stored in just one strand of a persons DNA!
- Slide 129
- Damage to DNA, RNA, or Genes Damage to genetic material occurs
from Radiation (x-rays, gamma-rays, Ultraviolet light, etc) or from
Chemical mutagens. It involves the Destruction of the molecule, or
the change its properties such as structure, polarity, or
ionizat