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Piera Palazzolo
Computer Technology: Hardware, Software, & Dataware 1
9/2/2015
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Information Technology: Hardware
Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.
by
Kudang B. Seminar, PhD
Jenis Komputer
• Mainframes (Super Computers)
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers
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Mainframes (Super Computer)• Large in Physical Size
• Fast Computing Speed
• Large Memory Capacity
• Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)
• Provides many connections to I/O devices
• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server
• First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360
• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,
•IBM 360 •Cray-2
•The Columbia Supercomputer at
NASA's Advanced Supercomputing
Facility at Ames Research Center.
Microcomputers• Micro physical size
• Slower computing speed
• Smaller memory capacity
• Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors
• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna
• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486)
• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant)
• Used as Client Computers
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Sistem Komputer
• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) danaturan/standar (ruleware) untuk melaksanakan program/komputasi berbasis komputer.
• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.
Komponen Sistem Komputer• Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).
• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,
Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi
(Application Sofware).
• Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.
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Hardware Resources
• I/O (Input/Output)
devices
• Processor
• Memory
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I/O Devices
• I/O Devices: to exchange data between
computer systems and external sources
• Input Devices: to enter data into a
computer system
• Output Devices: to send data out of a
computer system
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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital
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Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta
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Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis
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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices
• Kecepatan (Speed)
• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)
• Keandalan (Reliability)
• Obyektivitas & Akurasi
• Kesesuaian dengan jenis data
• Durasi (endurance)
• Kompatibilitas
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Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera
02/09/2015
Dies Natalis IPB 2001 14
GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE
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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 15
SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE
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0
10
20
30
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (seconds)
Tem
pera
ture
0
1.25
2.5
3.75
5
Temperature
Set point
Voltage
Voltage
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400
Time (seconds)
Hu
mid
ity (
%)
0
1.25
2.5
3.75
5
Humidity
Set point
Voltage
Voltage (v)
Temperature & Humidity Control
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3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (seconds)
Lig
ht
In
ten
sit
y
0
1
2
3
4
5
Light IntensitySet pointOpening Angle
Fin opening Angle
Light Intensity Control
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Processors the device unit that performs data processing
• High speed: micro, mini, super computer
• Multiprocessors: support processor,
coupled processor, parallel processor
• Execution time: microsecond,
nanosecond, picosecond
• Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations per Second)
Features:
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Profil kota
Profil sumber airProfil suhu permukaan bumi
Profil mineral bumi
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Memory
• Memory Internal (primary storage):
Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM
• Memory External (secondary storage):
Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum
DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk,
Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB
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Memory Features
• Internal: higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic
• External: lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic
• Measures: access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)
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Storage Hierarchy
Cost
$600 a chip
$10-2 per byte
$10-4 per byte
$10-8 per byte
Size
213 bytes
227 bytes
230 bytes
240 bytes
CPU, Reg
Cache
Memory
Secondary Storage
32-64 bits
4-128 words
512-16k words