Post on 28-Mar-2015
transcript
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Mike ThompsonGlobal Leader of Refrigerant StrategyTrane, Ingersoll Rand, Thermo King
The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go From
Here?
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Options For HVAC Refrigerants
Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants
Class 1High ODP CFC’s
Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)
Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s
Higher GWP Lower GWP
R-11R-12R113R-500
R-22R-123
R-134aR-410AR-407C
R-32R-152a
PropaneButaneCO2
Ammonia
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Timeline of Refrigerant Usage
Continued use of recycled R-22, R-123 for developing countries
1990 2000 2010 2050204020302020
Montreal Protocol Signed
All CFC production Stopped (R-11,R-12) in developed countries
No new equipmentwith R-22
No new R-22 for serviceNo new equipment with R-123 in developed countries
No new R-123 for service in developed countries, no HCFC’s in new equipment in developing countries
No HCFC production in developing countries
Today
Kyoto Protocol Signed
No automotive use of R-134a in Europe
Continued use of recycled CFC’s
Continued use of recycled R-22
Continued use of recycled R-123
No CFC’s for developing countries
Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Current Refrigerant Pricing January 2011
*Source: WWW.r22.org
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Kyoto ProtocolGreenhouse Gas Coverage Six (6) Gases
Carbon Dioxide -- CO2
Methane -- CH4
Nitrous Oxide -- N2O Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF6
Base Period 1990 for CO2 , CH4 , and N2O 1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
European HFC Restrictions
Denmark General HFC ban in 2006 HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kg
for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications
Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is
<20kg of refrigerant
Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003 Air Conditioners HFC Ban - 2005 Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban – 2008
F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011 Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Country GHG Cap & Trade Legislation
Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050 Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2009 Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires
New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs All sectors
Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020) HFC regulations begin in 2011
European Union (27 countries) - 2008 CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials HFCs under regulatory pressure
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
US Legislative Efforts
American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka: Waxman-Markey Bill)
Uses the average of 2004, 2005, 2006 production as a baseline for HFC production (weighted HCFC and HFC volumes)
10% below average in 2012
33% below average in 2020
75% below average in 2030
85% below average in 2033
US State Department Proposal to UNEP Reduce to 2005 levels by 2014
20% reduction by 2017
30% reduction by 2020
50% reduction by 2025
70% reduction by 2029
Developing countries to follow developed countries by 10 years
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Balance of Environmental Issues
Minimal Ozone Depletion (ODP)
Minimal Global Warming potential (GWP)
Best delivered efficiency (part and full load)
Short atmospheric life
Lowest possible leakage rate
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Environmental Impact of Refrigerants
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
OD
P (
R-1
1=
1.0
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
GW
P (
CO
2=
1.0
)
5.45.65.8
66.26.46.66.8
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
CO
P
0
20
40
60
80
100
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
Ye
ars
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Atmospheric Life (years)Energy Efficiency (COP)
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
ODP versus GWPCFC-11
12113114115
HCFC-22123124
141b142b
HFC-32125
134a143a152a
227ea236fa245fa
ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)
0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Chiller Operating PressureO
pera
tin
g P
ressure
(p
sig
)
310.0
270.0
230.0
190.0
150.0
110.0
70.0
30.0
-10.0
R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A
Evaporator (38°F)
Off Line (72°F)
Condenser (100°F)
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Number of Trane R-123 CenTraVacs 2768
Total Pounds of Charge 3,547,612 lbs
Total Pounds of Charge Added 16,229 lbs/yr
Annualized Total Loss Rate 0.4575 %
Trane 1997 Survey Results
Chiller Emissions Study
Study corroborated in “Impact on Global Ozone and ClimateFrom Use and Emission of (HCFC-123)” By Calm, Wuebbles and Jain
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
What Is Important Over the Life of a Chiller?
Cost of Energy (94.5%)
First Cost of Chiller (5.18%)
Cost of Initial ChargeOf Refrigerant (0.25%)
Refrigerant Added Over 30 years (0.04%)
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Emissions
EnergyEfficiency
Focusing on Emissions and Efficiency is fundamental to doing what’s right
The Future
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Options For HVAC Refrigerants
Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants
Class 1High ODP CFC’s
Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)
Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s
Higher GWP Lower GWP
R-11R-12R113R-500
R-22R-123
R-134aR-410AR-407C
R-32R-152a
PropaneButaneCO2
Ammonia
-Toxicity Concerns-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns
-ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable
GWP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
GWP
GWP
GWP
GWP
GWPGWP
GWP
GWP
Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©
Summary
All fluorocarbon refrigerants in use today are under legislative jeopardy
The balanced approach to refrigerant selection is the best way to protect the environment Ozone Depletion Global Warming Energy Efficiency Short atmospheric life Low pressure (low tendency for leakage)
Chiller selection should focus on: High Energy Efficiency Minimal leakage rates Superior technical design