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Innova&ve Designs for the Embodied Mind
Diana Löffler University of Würzburg
Chair of Psychological Ergonomics
Innova&ve vs. intui&ve?
• familiar and (supposedly) optimal designs are repeated over and over again to make them (more) intuitive to use
• innovation breaks with conventions
Levels of ‚conven&onal‘ knowledge
Hur@enne & Blessing 2008
so far
future: basing designs on a
lower level of conventional
level knowledge
Computa&onal theory of mind
© modified aIer Max Planck Ins&tute for Intelligent Systems
Brain as a computer ‚operating‘ the body. We focus on the mind by trying to tap mental models, asking questionnaires and so on and neglegt the state of the body and our sensorimotor learning history. We base our designs on knowledge we gained through interacting with software that is intangible and can only be experienced with few senses. We are not used to such a limited way of interaction.
Embodied mind
Now, the nature of the human mind is understood as being largely determined by the form of the human body. We form knowledge of how things work through many bodily interactions with the environment since we were born. Because we are embodied minds, our mind not only influences the body but also vice versa: our body influences our minds as well.
… and influence percep&on, behavior and cogni&on
© hPp://speak2all.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/holding-‐cup-‐of-‐coffee1.jpg
© Amy Cuddy
Physical warmth influences judgements of psychological warmth.
Power posing influences self-confidence judgements.
How can we design for the embodied mind?
She will rise to the top.
Everything is under my
control.
POWERFUL IS UP – POWERLESS IS DOWN
How can we design for the embodied mind?
• users make less errors • are faster • and prefer arrangements consistent with their embodied concepts
Hur@enne 2011
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
remote control
Toriizuka 2013
© Pioneer
Volume and channel are understood along the vertical domain, explaining why users are always confused with the d-pad.
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
When the outside temperature falls below 20°, I push it
up to 22.
WARM IS UP – COLD IS DOWN Hur@enne & Langdon 2010
I need a liPle heat in the morning and a liPle heat in the
evening.
TIME PERIODS ARE CONTAINERS Hur@enne & Langdon 2010
I need the heat from 6 to 9 in the morning and from 6 to 10 in
the evening.
TIME PERIODS ARE ON A PATH Hur@enne & Langdon 2010
Embodied Design LCD
Hur@enne & Langdon 2010
turn off/put back on is
CONTACT
@me periods are
CONTAINERS
warm is UP – cold is DOWN
@me periods are on a PATH
User evalua&on
Hur@enne & Langdon 2010
• users make less errors • are faster • and prefer arrangements consistent with their embodied experience
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
Real-‐world costs and benefits
Löffler et al. 2012, Löffler et al. 2013, Hess et al. 2013
• embodied prototypes are more intuitive to use, described as innovative and creative
• the method offers a favorable cost-benefit-ratio
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
tangible accoun&ng
Hur@enne, Weber & Blessing (2008); Hur@enne, Israel & Weber (2008), Thorenz (2013)
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
tangible interac&on
Hur@enne, Stößel & Weber (2009), Arlt (2013)
Participants categorize abstract concepts based on physical object attributes.
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
free hand and touch gestures
Hur@enne, Stößel, Sturm, Maus et. al (2010)
Participants performed touch and free hand gestures on abstract concepts.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
near-‐far
up-‐down
centre-‐periphery
up-‐down
near-‐far
up-‐down
front-‐back
up-‐down
up-‐down
near-‐far
front-‐back
near-‐far
Young Group Old Group
Familiarity
Happiness
Importance
Power
Valence
Quan&ty
Time
Valence
Virtue
Similarity
Progress
Items to be considered
Abstract Domain Physical Dimension
% of gestures correctly predicted
! chance
! Popula@on-‐stereotypes
*
*
Hur@enne, Stößel, Sturm, Maus et. al (2010)
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
heuris&c expert evalua&on
Bischof (2013)
Heuristic expert evaluation of user interfaces with embodied concepts to identify potential user problems.
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
energy consump&on
Nisha@ ni kitu kinacho mwezesha mtu
kufanya kazizake kwa urahisi.
Energy is something that enables
somebody to do work his with ease.
Löffler, Lindner & Hur@enne (2014)
72% overlap of identified embodied concepts between Swahili and English
energy consump&on
Löffler, Lindner & Hur@enne (2014)
Paper prototype to identify energy needs and select a solar panel size.
central hea@ng
image edi@ng order & customer management
tangible accoun@ng tangible interac@on free hand and touch gestures
heuris@c evalua@on
remote control
energy consump@on touchscreen interac@on
body posture
Hur@enne, Löffler & Schmidt (2014)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Dominance prime Morality prime
Mea
n %
of m
oney
gi
ven
to o
ther
per
son
Sitting condition
Standing condition
Different body postures and context influence behavioral outcomes in a dictator game (people donated +/- 15% to another player) performed on a touch table vs. wall mounted display.
Take Home Messages
Diana Löffler (diana.loeffler@uni-‐wuerzburg.de)
• break conventions at the level of expert knowledge • consider the learning history at the sensorimotor level • design for the embodied mind
• check our database of embodied concepts: zope.psyergo.uni-wuerzburg.de/iscat
• take part in our tutorial at MUC14: http://muc2014.mensch-und-computer.de/programm/workshops-mci/tutorium-ibis/
• drop us an email if you are interested in joint projects and research: diana.loeffler@uni-wuerzburg.de
• visit our website to find out more about the cool stuff we are doing: http://psyergo.uni-wuerzburg.de/
References I • Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagina@on, and reason. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago. • Grady, J. (1997). Founda@ons of meaning: Primary metaphors and primary scenes. PhD disserta@on. University of
California, Berkeley.
• Hur@enne, J. (2011). Image schemas and design for intui@ve use. Exploring new guidance for user interface design (Doctoral disserta@on, Technische Universität Berlin).
• Hur@enne, J., & Langdon, P. (2010). Keeping warm in winter: Image-‐schema@c metaphors and their role in the design of central hea@ng controls. In Fourth Interna@onal Conference of the German Cogni@ve Linguis@cs Associa@on (pp. 53-‐54). Bremen: University of Bremen.
• Löffler, D., Hur@enne, J., & Maier, A. (2012). Die Brücke zwischen Anforderungen und Design schlagen. Mit Hilfe von Image Schemata Gestaltungsentscheidungen systema@sch treffen. [Building bridges between requirements and design. Systema@c design decisions with image schemas]. In H. Brau, A. Lehmann, K. Petrovic & M.C. Schroeder (Eds.) Usability Professionals 2012 (pp. 170-‐175). StuPgart: German UPA. Link hPp://issuu.com/germanupa/docs/usability-‐professionals-‐2012
• Hess, A., Maier, A., & Löffler, D. (2013). Die IBIS-‐Methode – Eine RE-‐Methode zur Entwicklung intui@ver NutzungsschniPstellen [The IBIS-‐method – a RE-‐method to develop intui@vely usable user interfaces]. GI So:waretechnik Trends, 33(1).
• Löffler, D., Lindner, K. & Hur@enne, J. (2014). Mixing Languages? Image Schema Inspired Designs for Rural Africa. In CHI 2014 Proceedings of the extended abstracts of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in compu%ng systems (pp. 1999-‐2004). New York: ACM. doi: 10.1145/2559206.258135
• Löffler, D., Hess, A., Hur@enne, J., Lange, K., Maier, A., & SchmiP, H. (2013). Gestaltung intui@v benutzbarer SoIwareanwendungen mit der IBIS Methode [Designing soIware applica@ons for intui@ve interac@on using the IBIS method]. i-‐com Zeitschri: für interak%ve und koopera%ve Medien, 12(2), pp. 48-‐54. Munich: Oldenbourg-‐Verlag. doi: 10.1524/icom.2013.0016
• Hur@enne, J., Löffler, D. & Schmidt, J. (2014). Zur Ergonomie prosozialen Verhaltens: Kontextabhängige Einflüsse von Körperhaltungen auf die Ergebnisse in einem Diktatorspiel [Ergonomics of pro-‐social behavior: Context-‐dependent effects of postures on the results in a dictator game]. In A.C. Schütz, K. Drewing & K.R. Gegenfurter (Eds.) Abstracts of the 56th Conference of Experimental Psychologists (p. 117). Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, ISBN 978-‐3-‐89967-‐915-‐1
• Löffler, D., Hess, A., Maier, A., Hur@enne, J., & SchmiP, H. (2013). Developing intui@ve user interfaces by integra@ng users’ mental models into requirements engineering. In S. Love, K. Hone & T. McEwan (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Interna%onal BCS Human Computer Interac%on Conference. Swinton, UK: Bri@sh Computer Society University. Link hPp://dl.acm.org/cita@on.cfm?id=2578069
• Hur@enne, J., Israel, J. H., & Weber, K. (2008). Cooking up real world business applica@ons combining physicality, digitality, and image schemas. In A. Schmidt , H. Gellersen, E. van den Hoven, A. Mazalek, P. Holleis, & N. Villar (Eds.), TEI'08. Second Interna@onal Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interac@on (pp. 239-‐246). New York: ACM.
• Hur@enne, J., Weber, K., & Blessing, L. (2008). Prior Experience and Intui@ve Use: Image Schemas in User Centred Design (pp. 107-‐116). In P. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson, & P. Robinson (Eds.), Designing Inclusive Futures. London: Springer.
• Hur@enne, J., Stößel, C., & Weber, K. (2009). Sad is Heavy and Happy is Light -‐ Popula@on Stereotypes of Tangible Object APributes. In N. Villar, S. Izadi, M. Fraser, S. Benford, D. Kern & A. Sahami (Eds.), TEI’09 Third Interna@onal Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interac@on (pp. 61-‐68). New York: ACM.
• Hur@enne, J., Stößel, C., Sturm, C., Maus, A., Rö~ng, M., Langdon, P., & Clarkson, P. J. (2010). Physical gestures for abstract concepts. Inclusive design with primary metaphors. Interac@ng with Computers, 22, 475-‐484.
• Toriizuka, T. (2013). A study on the opera@on for devices based on image schema. The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics 49 (Supplement), 288-‐289.
References II