Innovative Rootstocks for Apple crop · Olive 1600 tons 7. Kiwi 1200 tons 8. Plums 1200 tons 9....

transcript

Innovative Rootstocks

for Apple crop

Nicola Dallabetta

nicola.dallabetta@fmach.it

FEM (Italy)

Australia 20-24 November 2017

6206 km2;

ASU 141129,5 ha;

80% Mountains,

Apple: 11.000 Ha

460.000 tons

(25% of Italy)

Other crops :

2. Grape 125.000 tons

3. Soft fruits 6700 tons

4. Strawberry 4700 tons

5. Cherry 1700 tons

6. Olive 1600 tons

7. Kiwi 1200 tons

8. Plums 1200 tons

9. Pear 200 tons

Fruit production in Trentino

77-900 m a.s.l.

TIME LINE

EUFRIN working groupCornell University

2008 2017

Training Systems, Tree density, Pruning Methods, Orchard Management, Fruit Production & Quality

Agricultural school Research

center

3A Center

BSc on Oenology

Transfer Technology center

Administration office &

Farm (100 ha)

Rootstocks

Research & Extension activities

Nursery Companies

Experimental sites

Maso delle Parti - 10 Ha

(Adige Valley, 210 m a.s.l)

Maso Maiano - 1.7 ha

(Non Valley, 650 m a.s.l.)

Spagolle – 10 Ha(Valsugana, 400 m a.s.l.)

Laimburg Research Institute,

International groups (EUFRIN)

Private orchards….

Layout of experimental fields

Cultural tech.

Training systems

Varieties

Map 2015

MASO MAIANO

Rootstocks

Resistants

varieties

A BB-C

Map 2015

MASO delle PART

Cultural tech.

Training systems

Rootstocks

Varieties

Resitstants

varieties

Crab Apple

collection

Cherry

AL M N

F N O P Q R S T

DA L I E

CB D E

H E D C B A6

Quebec

Vineland

Geneva

Michigan

Germany

Malling Sweden & Norway

Russia

Poland

Apple rootstock breeding

program (1970s-80s)

Israel

Geneva

New Zealand

Malling

Russia

S.Korea

Apple rootstock breeding

program (2005)

Rootstock interaction

(pH, type, anchorage, water, nutrients…)

Cultivar

Climate

Diseases and Pest

Orchard Management:

(tree architecture, pruning,

thinning, fertilization, irrigation,

weed control….)

Tree size

Which is the ideal genotype?

Dwarf and/or Semi-dwarf

Precocious & productive

That induces the development of early branches with wide branch angle

With good root system

Adaptable to different soil types

Resistant and/or Tolerant to:

Abiotic & Biotic stresses

objectives?

Disease resistance:

Apple Replant Disease (ARD)

Apple Dieback

Apple proliferation

Fire Blight

Crown and root rots (Phytophthora ssp)

Pest resistance:

Woolly Apple Aphids

Resistance to environment stresses:

Cold hardiness

Drought

Adaptable to

Different environment

Cultivars

Training systems

Tree densities

Tree size:

Dwarf - Similar to M9 for HDP

Semi dwarf - for Multi Leader Systems

Main issues for pest and disease

Fire Blight

Erwinia amylovora

Apple Proliferation

Canditus Phytoplasma mali

Woolly Apple Aphids

Eriosoma lanigerum

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generationApple Replant

disease (ARD)

Red Delicious

Superchief Sandidge

on M9 T337

at the 3rd leaf

The present!

Use of M9 (99%)

High Density Planting(HDP) systems

(3000-6000 trees/ha)

Low biodiversity

Recent problems tied to soil fertility

Apple Tree Dieback White Root Rot (Rosellinia necatrix)

Type of tree

Ratio canopy/root system > 1;

Feathered trees ready to produce in the 2nd leaf;

Need fruiting branch selection at planting to reduce AGB.

Need a better balance: agb/bgb.

AGB/bgb

above ground

biomass (agb)

below ground

biomass (bgb)

growers

New rootstock genotypes

NL UK France Germany Poland Czech Russia USA

Geneva®

NZ Italy

Pajam®1

Lancep

Supporter1®

(Pi-Au-33)

Lizzy®

J-TE- E Budagovsky

G11 Selection 1 CIV-P21

M26 Pajam®2

Cepiland

Supporter3®

(Pi-Au9-82)

Last Minute®

J-TE- F B10/Mitch

N°62396

G16 Selection 2 Apomictic

M27 Supporter4®

(Pi80)

P14 J-TE- G B496 G41 Selection 3

MM106 Jork 9 P59 J-OH- A G202 Selection 4

M116 P60 G935 Selection 5

AR 295 6 P67 G6969 Selection 6

AR 680 2 CG2034

AR 486 1 CG3001

AR 628 2 CG4218

AR 835 11

Rootstocks in trial at FEM

EUFRIN Working Group

Apple & Pear Variety & Rootstock Testing

ISHS XI International Symposium on Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems, Bologna (Italy) 28 August-2 September 2016

Trial 2011-2015:

Rootstock / cv / environment

Fruit weight vs Fruit number/tree

Suckers & Burr knots

3 treatments:

– Replanted

– Fumigated soil

– Free orchard soil – FOS (4 years)

Rootstocks:

– M9 T337

– CG 41

– CG 16

– CG 202

– CIV P21

Trial 2011-15: ARD

Effect of the different soil conditions

on “Tree size”

Tree size Yield Efficiency

New genotypes

Cultivars

Training Systems

Tree density

Research of

semi-dwarf rootstocks

M9 T337 Pajam®2

G®202

M26 M106

CIV-P21

G®935 G®6969 G®4218

AR 295.6M116

M9 T337 G11 G202G16

Trial 2011

M9 T337 Ar 295.6 M9 T337 M 116

Trial 2012

M9 T337 CG 935 CG 6969

Higher Vigor

2nd leaf

New genotypes in 2014

G935 G69693nd leaf

Research of

dwarf rootstocks

J-TE-G

M9 T337

Jork 9

Supporter®1

Supporter®3

Bud9 Lizzy®P16

Bud491

M9 T337 Budagovsky 9 (B9) B491

M9 T337 P16 P22

Suckers & Burr knots

M9 is still the most used and productive rootstock in the fruit orchards !

G11 and G41 could be a good alternative to M9.

G41 is difficult to propagate in the nursery and it is still not available in Europe ! G11 Yes !

G16 is productive…similar to M9 but sensitive to latent viruses !

Bud9 represents a good alternative to M9 for vigorous cv such as Fuji.

AR 295.6, G935 and G6969 are precocious and productive. They could be suitable for weak soils and/or weak-growing scions !

G11, G935 and G6969 produce large fruit size. This might be likely due to their higher capacity of water and nutrient uptake.

The use of alternative genotype could improve water consumption efficiency and fertilizer applications.

The introduction of new genotypes requires a change in tree management system (pruning, irrigation, fertilization …).

Nowadays, new training systems and cultivars have been proposed in modern apple orchards and the choice of rootstock will play an important role.

In conclusion

Thank you for your attention

Innovative Rootstocks for Apple crop · Olive 1600 tons 7. Kiwi 1200 tons 8. Plums 1200 tons 9....

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