INTEGRATED APPROACH TO INTEGRATED APPROACH TO TREE DOMESTICATION AND TREE DOMESTICATION AND

CONSERVATION OF CONSERVATION OF

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO INTEGRATED APPROACH TO TREE DOMESTICATION AND TREE DOMESTICATION AND

CONSERVATION OF CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES GENETIC RESOURCES

DANIEL OFORI (GRP1 / EA)DANIEL OFORI (GRP1 / EA)ICRAF 23ICRAF 23RDRD AUGUST 2011 AUGUST 2011

Structure of presentation• Introduction• Domestication and conservation strategies

using Milicia sp. as a case study – Field screening– Vegetative propagation – Molecular marker analysis• Seed orchard management

• Discussions/conclusions• Acknowledgements

Introduction

Tree domestication involves accelerated and human-induced evolution to bring species into wider cultivation through a farmer-drivenfarmer-driven or market-ledmarket-led process. This is a science-based and interactive procedure involving the identification, collection, evaluation, production, management and adoption of high quality germplasm

Introduction

Conservation is the management and use of genetic resources so that they may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation, while maintaining their potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future

Introduction

• By 2050; food, shelter etc will be required for the sustenance of approximately 9 billion people.

• Loss of plants leads to worsening food insecurity, increasing vulnerability to disease and deteriorating social relations

Introduction

• Continued misuse of ecosystems is leading into crisis.

• It is estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 plant species, with diverse economic uses, are under threat of extinction and need to be protected.

Introduction

• Domestication and conservation of species, particularly those which have direct impacts on human well being, have now attained paramount importance, in our efforts to provide for the sustainable utilization of biological resources

• The choice of strategies and tools depends on a clear understanding of the problem and what needs to be achieved.

Objective

The objective of this presentation is to share knowledge and experiences on techniques and tools employed in domestication and conservation of tree genetic resources.

THE IROKO (Mvule) STORY

Milicia sp. (M. Excelsa & M. Regia)

Considered as the most useful species in the family - MORACEAE

Forest condition in Ghana

• Rate of forest depletion 0.7-1.4%• 1.7 m ha out of 8.2 m ha of forest was under

reservation• Over 70% unreserved forest lost over 100 yrs• Solution was forest plantation programme • Target was 20,000 ha/ yr• Good quality planting materials required

Milicia-Phytolyma lata problem

Extraction=172,983 m3 yr-1 ; regeneration = 28,650 m3 yr-1 ; Deficit =144,333 m3 yr-1

Impact of Pest on Plant Growth

Mean growth rate of protected and unprotected Milicia after 18 months

Treat No. ofLeaves

Leaf area(cm2)

Stem dim(cm)

Height(cm)

Unprotected 35.8±4.6 147.0±5.2 1.53±0.12 98.4±6.09

Protected 57.6±9.8 235.9±8.3 2.06±0.18 208.7

Productivity loss of unprotected Milicia after 18 months

Growth variable % mean loss

Height 50.97

Stem diameter 30.73

Foliage 37.84

Leaf area 68.69

Dry biomass 65.93

Screening for pest resistance

133 accessions from 4 Ghanaian provenances

Seedling response to pest attack

Selection of resistant individuals

R

S

S

RS

Trees marked ‘R’ are resistantTrees marked ‘S’ are susceptible

Levels of resistance and Genetic Variation

3 Levels of susceptibility• Resistance• Moderately resistance• Susceptible

Conservation of desirable genotypesStem and root cuttings

Rooted stem cuttings Root cuttings with shoots

Grafting

Collection of scion Grafted plant

Air layering

Ready for planting

Girdled branchWith ball of rootingmedium

In vitro tissue culture

Shoots grown from axillary buds

Ex-situ conservationSerial propagation

Genetic gains from clonal trial at 12 months after establishment

Group % of population Selection

differential

Genetic gain

(G cm)

Percent

gain in

height

Tolerant 39 20.5 4.1 36.7

Susceptible 61 -14.9 -3 -26.7

Molecular DNA characterization

• Distinct morphological differences observed

DNA fingerprinting of Milicia

M. excelsaM. regia

M. excelsaM. regia

RAPD Cluster analysis

Analysis of variance components revealed most of the total variation was among populations (65%)

SV df SS MSS Variance component

% total variation

Among pop

4 96.45 24.12 5.32 65.26

Within pop

15 42.50 2.83 2.83 34.75

Population ID

GD GM GW CD

GM 0.51

GW 0.71 0.46

CD 0.28 0.72 0.94

SW 0.62 0.43 0.31 0.88

Genetic distance among 5 populations

Partitioning of M. regia according the populations

sampled in Ghana and Sierra Leone.

• Accessions of M. regia clustered according to the populations

• Suggesting the need to:1. sample from different

populations2. Conserve different

populations

Species verification

• Chloroplast microsatellite and DNA sequencing at 2 regions– trnL intron– IGS between trnL and trnF

Species verification

Provenances Cytotype1 (Ccmp2-M267)

Cytotype2 (Ccmp2-M275)

Cytotype3 (Ccmp2-M283)

No. of cytotypes in population

GD 0 23 77 2

GM 9.1 90.9 0 2

GW 0 100 0 1

CD 0 0 100 1

SW 0 100 0 1

Cytotype frequency (%) and number of cytotypes in each population. Cytotype 2 is M. regia, and cytotypes 1 and 3 are M. excelsa.

DNA sequence (IGS)

• GDAB1-IGS• CCTAATTATTTATCCTACCTTCTCATTTCGTTAGCGGTTCAAAATTAGTTATCTTTCTCGTT

CATTCTAATTCTACAAACGTATCTGAGCGAAAGTTTTTTTCTTATCACAAGCCTTGTGATATAGATGAAACACGTACAAATGAACATCTTTGAGAAAGGAATCCCAATGTTAAATTTGAATAATTAAAAATTCATTTTATTACTCGTACTGTACTGAAACTTACAAAGTCTTTTTTTTGAAGATCCAAGAAATTCCACCAGGACCTGGATAAGACTTTCCAATCCTCCTTTCGTCTTTTTAATTGACATAGACCCAAGTCCTCTATTAAAATGAGGATGGTGCGTGAGGAATGGTCGGGATACTGAAGAGCA GAGGACTGAA

Colletia ulicina (Rhamnaceae)

Ziziphus ornata (Rhamnaceae)

Ziziphus glabrata (Rhamnaceaea)

Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceaea)Schistocarpeae johnsonii(Rhamnaceae)

Ficus pretoriae (Moraceae)

Milicia spp. (GD-AB1)(Moraceae)

Arthocarpus heterophyllus(Moraceae)

Humulus japonicus(Cannabaceae)

Humulus lupulus(Cannabaceae)

Phylogenetic analysis using blast (NCBI)

Plus tree selection

Seed orchard management

Germination percentage

Cedrela seed orchard management

Seed orchard design and management

• Deployment of clones• Pollen contamination

Allanblackia mother block(clone bank)

Quality germplasm= GRP1

CRP7Climate changeAnd agric

GRP 6Multifunctional Landscape (envt. Services)

GRP4 Land healthand restoration

GRP3 Tree product marketing

GRP2 on farmproductivity

CRP4 Agric nutrition and health

GRP5 Climate change

Partners

CRP3. sustainableProduction syt (Food Security)

CRP5 Water, soil& ecosystems

CRP1 Integrated agric. systems

CRP6Forests, trees and AF

Discussion/ conclusion

• Tree domestication & conservation strategies are required for the management of genetic resources for the benefit of humankind today and for future use.

• Effective domestication and conservation require an interplay of several principles, practices and tools.

• The choice of any of these depends on a clear understanding of the problem to be addressed

Discussion & conclusion

• With careful selection of strategies and tools, desired germplasm can be conserved and also made available for planting to combat poverty, food insecurity and provide health care needs, as well as to mitigate climate change, soil degradation, environmental sustainability etc.

Acknowledgements• ITTO• EU• AFORNET• Gov’t Of Ghana

Thank you very muchThank you very muchThank you very muchThank you very much

Asanteni sanaAsanteni sana