Post on 26-Dec-2015
transcript
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES
ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
SLIDE 3
FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH HAS BEEN IN SLOW BUT CONSTANT MOVEMENT.
THE FORCES THAT CAUSE THIS MOVEMENT ARE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES.
INTERNAL FORCES WORK BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE. VOLCANISM AND MOVEMENTS THAT BEND, FOLD OR LIFT THE CRUST
EXTERNAL FORCES WORK ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. WEATHERING AND EROSION
IT IS ON THE OUTER LAYER OR CRUST OF THE EARTH WHERE LANDFORMS DEVELOP THAT ARE CREATED BY THESE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL FORCES.
SLIDE 4 AT ONE TIME THE CONTINENTS WERE ALL JOINED AS ONE. THIS WAS PANGEA.
SLOWLY THEY DRIFTED TO THE POSITION THEY ARE TODAY AND ARE STILL MOVING.
THIS IS CALLED CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND WAS PROPOSED IN THE 1930S. IT WAS NOT PROVEN UNTIL THE 1970S.
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TODAY IT IS CALLED PLATE TECTONICS.
HOW DO WE KNOW PLATES ARE MOVING???
CONTINENTS MOVE DUE TO THE PLATES MOVING
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THE CONTINENTS MOVE BECAUSE THEY ARE ON PLATES THAT FLOAT ON THE EARTH’S MANTLE. THERE ARE 12 OF THESE PLATES.
THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF MOVEMENT ALONG PLATE BOUNDARIES : 1. PLATES MOVING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER WHICH IS CALLED RIFTING OR DIVERGING PLATES EXAMPLES- MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE, RIFT VALLEY IN AFRICA.
2. PLATES CONVERGING OR COLLIDING( A. ONE PLATE GOING UNDER ANOTHER – SUBDUCTION. THIS IS AN OCEAN PLATE GOING UNDER A CONTINENTAL PLATE. VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES FORM ALONG THE BOUNDARIES. EXAMPLES: ANDES, CASCADE RANGE TWO OCEAN PLATES COLLIDING ( SUBDUCTION) ISLAND ARCS ARE FORMED – PHILIPPINES 3. TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES CONVERGING. THIS IS THE SAME AS #2 BUT INVOLVES 2 CONTINENTAL PLATES RATHER THAN OCEAN AND COMNTINENTAL. EXAMPLES: ROCKIES AND ALPS-FOLDED MTS APPALACHIANS 4. PLATES SLIDING PAST EACH OTHER- FAULTING CALLED TRANSFORM PLATES.
1.RIFTING OR SPREADING orDIVERGING
PLATES MOVING AWAY FROM EACH OTHER WHICH IS CALLED SPREADING OR RIFTING OR DIVERGING.
EXAMPLES- MID ATLANTIC RIDGE, RIFT VALLEY IN AFRICA.
MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE
2. COLLIDING OR CONVERGING PLATES
A. SUBDUCTION ONE PLATE GOES UNDER ANOTHER
Example: ONE OCEAN AND ONE CONTINENTAL VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS ARE FORMED
B. SUBDUCTION ONE PLATE GOES UNDER ANOTHER
EXAMPLE : TWO OCEAN PLATES VOLCANIC ISLAND ARCS ARE FORMED
3. CONVERGING OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDING. EXAMPLE: ROCKIE MTS, ALPS, HIMALAYAS APPALACHIANS
4. FAULTING PLATES SLIDING PAST EACH OTHER THESE ARE CALLED TRANSFORM PLATES.
SLIDE 21
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SLIDE 24
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THEN GO TOP THE TOPIC EARTHQUAKES, TECTONIC PLATES AND VOLCANOES.
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EXTERNAL FORCES
THESE FORCES WORK ON THE LANDFORMS THAT ARE CREATED BY INTERNAL FORCES.
NEW LANDFORMS CAN ALSO BE CREATED BY THESE EXTERNAL FORCES.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF EXTERNAL FORCES WEATHERIN G AND EROSION THAT CAN ALTER THE
SIZE AND SHAPE OF LANDFORMS.
1.WEATHERING BREAKDOWN OF ROCKS AT OR NEAR THE EARTH’S SURFACE
2 TYPES: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PHYSICAL-
1. TREE ROOTS
2. FREEZE AND THAW CYCLE
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL WEATHERINGCHECKERBOARD MESA – UTAH
ZION CANYON
LONE CYPRESS –CALIFORNIA 17 MILE DRIVEBRYCE CANYON
B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
1. CHEMICALS IN WATER DISSOLVE ROCKS.
( CARBONATION)
2. CHEMICALS IN AIR AFFECT ROCKS.
( OXIDATION)
WITH CHEMICAL WEATHERING ROCKS CHANGE THEIR COMPOSITION!!
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING
CARBONATION
OXIDATION
WEEPING ROCK - ZIONBRYCE CANYON -UTAH
2. EROSIONTHE MOVEMENT OF WEATHERED MATERIAL SUCH AS GRAVEL,
SAND AND SOIL.
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF EROSION :
A. WATER
B. WIND
C. GLACIERS
1. WATER - WEARS AWAY CREATING CANYONS
ERODES AWAY CANYONS AND VALLEYSGRAND CANYON ZION CANYON
WATER 2.TRANSPORTS PARTICLES AND CREATES DELTAS
AND BEACHES NIGER DELTA BEACH
WIND 1. WEARS SURFACE DOWN
ARCHES BRYCE CANYON
WIND 2. CREATES NEW LANDFORMS LIKE
SAND DUNES
EGYPT LAKE MICHIGAN
GLACIERS 1. SHEET 2. MOUNTAIN