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8/14/2019 International and Latin-American experiences with policies for the promotion of renewable energy
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UniversidadAutnomadeGuadalajara
ov.
,
Internationaland
Latin
American
experienceswithpoliciesforthe
promo ono
renewa e
energy
DetlefLoy
Berlin/Germany
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T eexamp eo w n energy:
....
countrieswithgoodwindregimes,buthardly
anywind
energy
use
,
energygeneration
Whatarethereasonsforsuchadivergent
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Whatisspecificaboutelectricityfrom
areo ten nterm ttent, .e.notconstant y
available(wind/solar);
need
for
parallel
grid
operation
RESintensitydependsverymuchonlocation (forwindontopography,vegetation,turbineheightetc.)
RESavailability
not
always
matching
with
site
of
electricit demand andnearmain rid forwindand
water:landaccessibility sometimesnotsecured
periods(often>10years)
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Whatisspecificaboutelectricityfrom
ewtec no og es manyun nowns,e.g.
effect
on
grid
stability
env ronmenta mpacts
constructionrequirements
emount ng
a ter
en
o
e
t me maintenancerequirements
secur y ssues
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Basicthoughts
upportsc emestryto a anceoutmar et stort ons
and/or
are
introduced
to
directly
favour
electricity
from
Supportschemeshavetoavoidburdeningthestate
u ge
or
ncreas ng
consumer
ar s Theyshouldmatchwithregularmarketfunctionsandfit
ntoex st ng ega structures
Generationbased
incentives
are
generally
better
than
onetimepayments
Theyareimportant,butnottheonlysuccessfactor
5Loy Energy ConsultingUAG04.11.2008for
RES
technologies
!!
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sectorsunbundled?
self
generation
allowed?
pr vatesectorgenerat ona owe transmissionofelectricitybythirdpartiesallowed?
u c
accep ance Landaccess
DoesPowerExpansionPlanprovidefortransmission options
(construction
of
new
lines
to
potential
wind
locations)? Ispermissionprocedureestablishedandunbureaucratic?
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o uo asys ems enewa e o r o o an ar s w
or
w/o
certificateso Feedintariffs andpremiums
o Financialincentives(Directinvestmentsubsidies)
o Fiscalsupports (taxincentives)
Schemesvaryconsiderablybetweencountries;mostcountr esusemoret anonesc emeatat me
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Government a s Customers a
Investmentaid
Support/pricelevelsetbyauthorities
AmountofRESsetinthemarket Feedintariffs
(fixedorpremium)
Taxsupport
Tendering
Supportlevelsetinthemarket
AmountofRESsetbyauthorities
Quotas
+
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CountriesinLatinamericawithspecific
regu a ons
or
e ec r c y
Argentina since1998 2006 Premium
Brasil since2002
Feed
in
tariffs
and
calls
Chile (since2008) Quota
DominicanRepublic(since2007) QuotaandPremium
Ecuador since2000
Feed
in
tariffs
Nicaragua (since2002) Premiumandmainly
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Feedin
tariff/
Tenders
Quota
Ecuador: Newin2007 2.4MW(=totalendof2007)
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Highlyliberalizedelectricitymarket
Highgrowthrateforelectricitydemand
Insecureenergysupply(gasimports)
Favourablewindconditions,largegeothermalpotentialandbiomassresourcesinmanyregions
investmentactivitiesandnewlawwithquotaobligation(sinceApril2008)
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Liberalised market was lookin at leastcost o tions
notatlongtermenergysecurity
unknown;speculationwithgeothermalconcessions
Noadministrative
permission
procedures
in
place
electricity
nanc ngsec orno accus ome o ns a a ons
Nolandresourceplanninginplace
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.
,
LawisbasicallyamendingtheElectricityActof1982
Allcompanies
selling
electricity
over
the
two
main
grids
either
to
distributioncompaniesordirectlytofinalconsumershavetoprove
from2010onthatacertainquotaofallelectricitysoldannually
AppliestoallsalescontractssignedafterAugust31,2007
,onwillbecounted
uota will be 5 between 20102014 and increase from 2015 b
0.5%pointsannually,untilreaching10%in2024
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.
,
Quotacanpartiallybeaccomplishedbyhydropowerwith2040MW.
w z :w .
suppliedelectricity(valueofNov.2008).Ifithappensagainwithin
followin 3 ears enalt willincreaseto3.3USct erkWh
Thepenalty
volume
will
be
transferred
to
and
shared
proportionally
amongallcustomersofthosecompaniesthathaveaccomplished
theobligation.
Flexibility:
electricity
volumes
exceeding
the
quota
can
be
shifted
intothefollowingyear;partoftheobligationcanbeshiftedtothe
nextyear;companiesmayexchangevolumesinexcessoftheirown
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ImpactoftheLaw:
.
,
GeneratorshavetoincorporateownRESplantsorcontractRESelectricity
Electricitydealers
will
seek
to
get
RES
electricity
anywhere
on
the
market
Potentialweaknesses:
Penaltycouldbetoolowtoreallyactasacommercialthreat
Regulated
electricity
customers
have
no
choice
for
other
distributor Windandgeothermalmaynotbethefirstoptionduetorelativelyhighup
rontcosts
Only11%oftheexpectedcapacityexpansioninthenextdecadewillbe
.
for2020
CostsforRESelectricit willnotbecontrolled but100%transferredonto
thefinal
consumer
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Statedominatedelectricitysector:singlebuyer principle
Lawof
1990
allowed
for
private
engagement in
electricity
generation,butonlywithRESandupto15%(now30%)of
totalinstallednationalcapacity(notincludinghydropower)
RESelectricity
will
be
purchased
for
up
to
20
years
from
any
plantof>20MWand
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SeveralregulationsstatethatRESotherthanhydropowershouldbegivenpriority.
Reducingdependencefromenergyimports isGovernmentpolicy
Windregime is
matching
well
with
dry
season
(low
available
capacityfromhydropower)
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ar a y pr va ze e ec r c y mar e , u s s a edominance
ow r r s r ov rn n con ro n ow coscoverage (high subsidies)
,
power
NewMinistry for electricity and renewable energy
Feedintariffs inplace since 2000,to be paid for 12years,annual revision
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Paymentproceduresareunclear(nomechanismfor
sharingof
extra
costs)
ElectrificationMasterPlannotspecificaboutgrid
Thereisnofinancialstability(seedebtsituationofdistributingutilities)
investorsandfinancingsector
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El caso actual de M xico
generacindeelectricidadpara
- autoabastecimiento,- cogenerac n,
- exportacin,
- comoproductorindependienteparaCFE,
- ocomo
pequeo
productor
ContratodeInterconexinparaAutoabastecimiento
ContratodeInterconexinparaFuentesdeEnergaSolar aPequeaEscala(menosde30kW)
IniciativadeLeyparaelAprovechamientodelasFuentesRenovablesdeEnerga(LAFRE)
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verv ewo
suppor
sys ems
n
Source: Optres, 2008
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Three
main
amendments
(2000/2004/2009) Constantmonitoringandrevisions
ec no ogyan s espec c ar s
Tariffstructurepreventsconcentrationonprimewindlocations(negative:lowmediumcapacityfactor)
development(highertariffs)
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Germany: Renewable Energy Sources Act
Outcome-based, cost-reflective incentive (preferential purchase
- Main Features -
pr ce per
Priority for grid connection, purchase and transmission of
Consistent purchase price (tariff) paid by the grid operators- Lon -term ers ective and investment securit 1530 ears
- Incentive for opening up new potentials and technologies Strong incentive for efficiency boost and cost reduction
- ar s eren a e y source an s ze o e p an- Annual degression rates taking into account technical development
Nationwide e ualization between all rid o erators and electricitsuppliers for fees paid; customers pay for additional costs, no statesubsidy ! Exemption for energy-intensive industries and rail system
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German Renewable Energy Policy:
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) - 2004
Feed-in tariffs for renewable energy plants
(commissioned in 2007 and degression in 2008)
Cents/kWh Duration (a) Degression 2008
Small Hydro Power 6.65 - 9.67 30 -Biomass 8.03 - 21.14 20 1%
-. .
Wind onshore 5.18 - 8.19 20 1%
Wind offshore 6.19 - 9.10 20 -37.95 - 54.21 20 5 - 6.5%Source: BMU: Renewable Energies in Figures, 2007, EEG
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Note: tariffs and degression rates will change as from Jan. 1, 2009
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ermany renewa e energy e ectr c ty
Contribution of renewable energy sourced electricity generation
in Germany 1990 - 2007
100,000
80,000
90,000Hydropower Wind energy
*
50,000
60,000
70,000
GWh]
EEG
1. August 2004
30,000
40,000
[First feed-in tariff
1. January 1991
. pr
0
10,000
,
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
* solid, liquid, gaseous biomass, biogenic share of waste, landfill and sewage gas;Electricity f rom geothermal energy is not presented d ue to the low vo lumes of electricit y
Source: Source: BM U accord ing to Working Group on Renewable Energies / Statist ics (AGEE-Stat) 27
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ermany:
ecrease
o
ee
n
ar s
A partir del 2013:remuneracin elica