INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE I OF FACTS AND ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

transcript

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE:

INTEGRATION OF FACTS AND NON

CONVENTIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

by PhD. César Angeles-Camacho cangelesc@ii.unam.mx

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México

Instituto de Ingeniería

México

Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile, Santiago de Chile, June 2012

Areas of Expertise/Research

Power Electronic Equipment Principles and its

Applications in Electric Power Systems, Generation,

Transmission and Distribution

Wind Generation – Impact on the Power Networks,

Transmission and Distribution System

Modelling and Simulation of Large-scale Power Systems

with FACTS Equipment

Integration of FACTS and Non conventional Renewable

Energy

Contents

Why Power Electronics?

Wind Generation

What is FACTS?

Grid Integration technical problems

My Areas of Expertise/Research

Wind generation integration study case: Facts role

Conclusions

Other renewable energies

Integration of FACTS and Non

conventional Renewable Energy

The field is one of growing importance: it is estimated that, over half

the electrical energy generated is processed by power electronics

before its final consumption, a proportion that is likely to reach 90%

during the next decades

Power electronics deals with the processing of electrical energy

Power electronics involves the interaction of three elements: copper,

which conducts electric current; iron, which conducts magnetic flux;

and, in prime position, silicon,

Why Power Electronics?

Power Electronic

Benefits

To convert electrical energy from one form to another, facilitating

its regulation and control

To achieve high conversion efficiency and therefore low loss

Intelligent use of power electronics will allow consumption of

electricity to be reduced

To minimize the mass of power converters and the equipment

(such as motors) that they drive.

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

The FACTS concept is based on the incorporation of power

electronic devices and methods into the high-voltage side of the

network, to make it electronically controllable.

The new reality of making the power network electronically

controllable, has began to alter the thinking and procedures that go

into the planning and operation of transmission and distribution

networks in the world

View of High Power LDT Valve

Groups Tian-Guang (1.8 GW,

ETT) and Guizhou-Guangdong

(3 GW, LTT)

Phase Shifter

Shunt compensation shunt

Phase Angle (rad)

without compensation

0 2 p p p + s 2 p

With 50% serie compensate

–64.40

–61.25

–61.48

–11.70

–10.82

– 9.94

+10.06

+10.91

+11.76

–7.06

–7.91

–8.76

+ 5.49

+ 8.08

+10.74

+47.72

+38.38

+44.35

–85.57

–77.58

–81.31

–3.94

–41.11

–36.77

–39.17

+16.61

+19.21

+21.84

–18.30

–19.18

–20.06

3 –j 149.97

3 –j 138.83

3 –j 142.79

22.10 +j 49.32

27.29 +j 34.44

32.58 +j 45.05

30 +j 15

+26.11

+21.77

+24.17

a) base case

–20.95

–17.64

–17.96

–11.76

–10.93

–10.08

+10.09

+10.95

+11.75

–7.09

–7.95

–8.75

+ 5.53

+ 8.12

+10.74

+47.70

+38.38

+44.35

–85.56

–77.58

–81.31

+45.93

+40.56

+45.11

–83.84

–79.49

–81.89

+16.68

+19.29

+21.88

–18.24

–19.07

–19.92

3 –j 106.51

3 –j 95.22

3 –j 99.27

22.21 +j 93.63

27.41 +j 78.94

32.62 +j 89.46

30 +j 15

–17.46

–21.81

–19.41

–j 86.30

b) STATCOM

–43.34

–44.42

–42.28

–25.00

+23.36

+25.06

+26.75

–20.36

–22.06

–23.75

+18.82

+22.23

+25.74

+46.34

+37.71

+42.17

–84.15

–74.86

–79.07

–19.67

–20.86

–18.64

–20.00

–5.00

3 –j 127.49

3 –j 119.28

3 –j 121.35

21.95 +j 26.67

27.02 +j 14.85

32.30 +j 23.53

30 +j 15

c) SSSC

–2.50

–3.50

–1.40

–25.02

+23.39

+25.07

+26.72

–20.39

–22.07

–23.72

+18.85

+22.23

+25.71

+46.33

+35.73

+42.17

–84.14

–74.88

–79.07

–19.59

–20.47

–4.98

3 –j 86.64

3 –j 78.38

3 –j 80.47

23.85 +j 26.74

27.23 +j 16.14

30.71 +j 22.58

30 +j 15

–35.47

d) HVDC-VSC link

Benefits

Increase the capacity of existing transmission networks

Increase the transmission system reliability and availability

Enhancement in the quality of the electric energy delivered to

customers

Increase dynamic and transient grid stability

Bajo impacto ambiental.

STATCOM

400 kV

Nuclear

Coal 15 kV

Modern Power

Systems

Asynchronous

Interconnections

These developments may also affect the way energy

transactions are conducted, since high-speed control of the

path of the energy flow is now feasible.

A reverse power flow will take place if,

for instance, the generator directly

supplying load generates power in

excess

Interconnected high-voltage

transmission network

Generators

Generator

Transformers

Bulk Supply

Transformers

Red de

distribución L1 L2 L3 L4

Distributed Renewable Generation

The generation connected to the

low-voltage is termed dispersed,

distributed or embedded;

Embeded Generation

Modern distribution systems

Fuel Cell

Industrial

Substation

132 kv

33 kv Wind Farm

D-STATCOM

LAWEA 13 Integration of FACTS and Non

Wind Generation

Embedded generation plants requires a power electronic systems that

is capable of adjusting the generator frequency and voltage to the grid.

Generator

controller

Grid side

controller

Synchronous or induction

generator

IGBT PWM

converters

AC DC AC

Resultant Vector

181 deg - 27%

WEST EAST

WIND SPEED

>= 23.0

20.0 - 23.0

17.0 - 20.0

14.0 - 17.0

11.0 - 14.0

8.0 - 11.0

5.0 - 8.0

2.0 - 5.0

0.5 - 2.0

Calms: 5.41%

With variable-speed operation

it is possible, in principle to

increase the energy captured

by the aerodynamics rotor by

maintaining the optimum power

coefficient over a wide range of

wind speeds.

This requires an ancillary

mechanism that decouples the

speed of the rotor from the

frequency of the network, such

as a power electronic system

Grid Integration technical

problems

Transient Stability

Voltage Control

Frequency control

Short Circuit Currents

Power Quality Issues

Reactive power

Inertia

Weak damping

Brief interruptions

Long lines

Power Factor

Modern turbine can help

Brief interruptions

Trip generator under 48 hz

Regulate Power-Frequency

Modern turbine can help

Brief interruptions

Necessity to impose level of

ICC in high penetration

To impose limits, P≤ P(ICC )5%

in PCC, Harmonic, Flicker,

unbalance, etc...

Wind generation integration

study case: Facts role

Models to understand the dynamic interaction between the wind farms

and the electric systems

Investors and companies execute the necessary preliminary studies.

One of the tools more used in the electric systems planning and design

is the analysis of power flows

A variant of this tool is the analysis of Dynamic Power Flows

The power generated by the wind farm will be able to be foreseen

knowing the wind measurements and the kind of turbine to use

The analysis will allow valuate the effects of the plant proposed over the

network to be incorporate . Integration of FACTS and Non

gearbox

Gearbox

gearbox

Frecuency

converter

Capacitor

SCIG = Squirrel cage induction generator

WRIG = Wound rotor induction generator

PMSG = Permanent magnet synchronous generator

WRSG = Wound rotor synchronous generator

Transformer

variable

resistance

converter

Typical configurations of

wind turbines

Figure shows the test network used in the study with two particular

solutions, (a) with zero wind power and (b) with maximum wind power (30

Nodal voltages of five-node network for zero and maximum wind power

generation

Nodal voltages profile of five-node network with wind power generation

and STATCOM at lake bus

Active power transmitted by the transmission lines of the system.

Without compensation Compensated

Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic means electricity from light.

The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy -

the most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into

electricity.

Photovoltaic systems use daylight to power ordinary electrical

equipment, e.g., household appliances, computers and lighting.

The inverter in the Photovoltaic System

It represents a highly complex link between the solar

modules and the utility transmission grid. It is therefore

expected to fulfill a series of highly demanding tasks.

Their converts DC,

generated in the solar

modules, into AC.

Synchronized with the

supply voltage, this AC is

then either fed into the

circuit of your home or

into the utility

transmission grid.

Photovoltaic System

System Location: Shingle Springs, CA

System Type: Ground Mounted, Grid-Tied

System Size: 7.5 kilowatts

PV Array Racking: Unirac TLL

PV Modules: (60) BP Solar BP3150B

Inverters: (3) SMA America SWR2500U-SBD

Photovoltaic System

Fuel Cells

A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen

directly to produce water, electricity, and heat.

They are therefore inherently clean and efficient and are uniquely able

to address the issues of environmental degradation and energy security.

They are also safe, quiet and very reliable.

Fuelled with pure hydrogen, they produce zero emissions of carbon

dioxide, oxides of nitrogen or any other pollutant.

Even if fuelled with fossil fuels as a source of hydrogen, noxious

emissions are orders of magnitude below those for conventional

equipment. Integration of FACTS and Non

Fuel Cells – Power Electronics

As wind and photovoltaic power generation, fuel cell require power

electronic devices to be incorporated to the grid.

Transmission lines power flows with

varying FC active power injection.

Today there is an increasing demand for planning the connection of

renewable generation in details seen from the perspective of the electricity

CONCLUSIONS

A large-scale penetration of renewables requires improvements in the

infrastructure of the transmission network, both within a national electrical

system and in the interconnections between countries, to balance variable

power output and demand across regions and to transmit the renewable

energy generated by NCRE power stations.

Before Europe´s grid can handle the planned RE,

34 HVCA interconnections will need to be upgraded

17 HVDC interconnections will need to be built or upgraded

And up to 11 new long-distance HVDC supergrid connections

will be necessary

CONCLUSIONS

Is there a risk of low voltage gradients due to changes of the

renewable resource?

how would a black out of a wind farm affect the stability of the

Can the wind farm run through a 3-phase-fault on the grid?

These are typical questions that have to be considered by the system

operator before commissioning a power plant using renewable energies.

Load flow analyses and dynamic studies have to be made in advance

to analyse how the decentralized power production from renewable

energies would affect the load flow conditions in the grids.

Questions ?

PhD César Angeles-Camacho, MIET & MIEEE

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Instituto de Ingeniería

Edif. Bernardo Quintana

Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria

CP 04510, México, D.F. Tel. +52 (55) 5623-3600 Ext. 8810

email: CAngelesC@iingen.unam.mx

The new player need de grids or they

won´t survive

FACTS technology is a reality and will play a key role to facilitate the incorporation of Non Conventional Renewable energy to

power systems

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE I OF FACTS AND ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Documents